Scribd
Upload
2K views

Neural Regulation of Respiration

These reflexes protect the lungs from over-inflation and remove irritants. They maintain homeostasis of respiration.

Uploaded by

Dhanush Satheesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views

Neural Regulation of Respiration

These reflexes protect the lungs from over-inflation and remove irritants. They maintain homeostasis of respiration.

Uploaded by

Dhanush Satheesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

REGULATION

OF
RESPIRATION
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION

NEURAL REGULATION CHEMICAL REGULATION

1) AUTOMATIC 2)VOLUNTARY 1) Central chemoreceptors


CONTROL CONTROL 2) Peripheral chemoreceptors

1) Medullary centres -Cerebral


DRG Cortex
VRG
Pre Botzinger Complex 3) REFLEX CONTROL

2) Pontine centres -Hering –Breuer inflation reflex


Apneustic Centre -Impulses from J receptors of lungs
Pneumotaxic Centre -Impulses from irritant receptors in respiratory tract
• Cough reflex, sneezing reflex
-Deglutition reflex
2
The rhythmic discharge from brain is mainly regulated
by 2 mechanisms:
1) Neural regulation
2) Chemical regulation

Neural Regulation of Respiration

• Spontaneous respiration is produced by rhythmic discharge of


motor neurons that innervate the respiratory muscles
• Rate ,depth & rhythm is controlled by group of neurons
present in Brain Stem.
• These neurons are collectively called respiratory center.

3
• VOLUNTARY CONTROL
• Located in the cerebral cortex and sends
impulses to the motor neurons that innervate
the respiratory muscles through corticospinal
tracts
• Can be voluntarily controlled only for some
time.

4
AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Neural Centers/ respiratory centres

RC’s are situated bilaterally in the reticular formation of brain stem.


Depending on their situation they are classified into:
A)Medullary centers (basic respiratory rhythm)
1. Dorsal Respiratory group(DRG) inspiratory center
2. Ventral Respiratory group(VRG)  active only during forced
breathing
3. Pre botzinger complex: generates impulses
B)Pontine centers (modify activity of Medullary RC’s)
4. Apneustic Center (APN)excitory impulse to DRG
5. Pneumotaxic Center (PNC)inhibitory impulse DRG

5
Pre botzinger complex

DRG

VRG

6
A) Medullary centers
1) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
 located in Nucleus Tractus Solatarius (NTS)
 They contain inspiratory neurons (I neurons) so called
inspiratory center
 I neurons : discharge during inspiration
 E neurons : discharge during expiration
 I & E neurons exhibit reciprocal relation
 Function:maintains basic rhythm of respiration by
generating inspiratory ramp signals (under the
influence of prebotzinger complex

7
Inspiratory ramp signal
Inspiratory neurons generate inspiratory ramp
signals.
Nervous signals transmitted to inspiratory
muscles.
It begins weakly & increases steadily in a ramp
manner for 2 seconds.
Then it stops abruptly for next 3 seconds during
which expiration takes place.
Inspiratory ramp signals again reappear.
This cycle is repeated.
8
Inspiratory ramp signal….
Significance : there is a slow and steady
inspiration, so that the filling of lungs with air
is also steady

9
2) Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
 Located in nucleus ambiguous & nucleus
retroambiguous
 Contain both inspiratory & expiratory neurons.
Function
During normal breathing VRG is inactive
During forced breathing these neurons
stimulates both inspiratory & expiratory
muscles.

10
Pre – Botzinger complex (pace maker)

Rhythmic discharge is initiated by a group of


pacemaker cells in the rostral VRG called
Pre – Botzinger complex ( PBZ). It initiates the
respiratory rhythm through DRG and exhibits a
resting rhythm of 12-16/min

11
B) Pontine centers (modifies activity of medullary centers)

1) Apneustic center
• Located in RF of lower pons
Function
Sends excitatory impulses to DRG & it increases
depth of inspiration

12
2) Pneumotaxic center
Located in RF of upper pons
Function
It inhibits DRG & switch off inspiration so that duration
of inspiration is controlled.
It increases the respiratory rate by reducing the
duration of inspiration

13
Afferent pathway

• RC’s receive afferent impulses from:


1. Peripheral chemoreceptors & baroreceptors
through Glossopharyngeal & Vagus Nerve
2. Stretch receptors of lungs through Vagus nerve

14
Efferent pathway

• Motor neurons from RC’s leave brainstem


& terminate in anterior horn cells of cervical &
thoracic segments of spinal cord.
• From here 2 sets of nerve fibers arises:
1. Phrenic nerve ( C3- C5)  diaphragm
2. Intercostal nerve ( T1- T 11)  external intercostal
muscles

15
Events/steps in automatic control
• Discharge of rhythmic inspiratory impulses from
DRG. Inspiratory ramp signals are produced for 2 s
during which inspiration takes place.

• These impulses are transmitted to inspiratory


muscles by phrenic & intercostal nerves.

• Pontine RC’s regulate medullary centers


– APC stimulates DRG
– PNC inhibits DRG & APC
17
• Stretch of the lungs during inspiration stimulates
stretch receptors which generates impulses in
afferent vagal fibers. These impulses inhibit DRG
• Impulses coming to DRG from PC & Vagus stops
inspiratory ramp signals and brings about
expiration

18
Inspiration

Apneustic center

+ +
DRG--Inspiratory center Pre- botzinger complex

+
Inspiration
19
Expiration Pneumotaxic center
–
– Apneustic center

Afferent impulses
through vagus Inspiratory center
–
Expiration
20
REFLEX CONTROL OF RESPIRATION

1) Hering–Breuer inflation reflex


• Stretch receptors located in the muscular portions
of bronchi & bronchioles, when overstretched,
transmits signals through vagus into dorsal resp.
gp.
• This signal inactivates motor neurons of DRG, thus
inhibiting inspiration ramp, this also cause
increase in rate of respiration.
• This reflex is important in preventing excess lung
inflation

21
2) Impulses from J receptors of lungs
3) Impulses from irritant receptors in respiratory
tract
• Cough reflex, sneezing reflex
4) Deglutition reflex

You might also like