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1.6 Data Encoding

The document discusses various techniques for encoding digital data for transmission, including line coding, block coding, and scrambling. It describes several common line coding schemes like NRZ, Manchester, and AMI. Block coding maps groups of bits to codewords, like 4B/5B encoding. Scrambling techniques like B8ZS and HDB3 are used to avoid long runs of zeros which can cause synchronization issues. The encoding schemes aim to efficiently transmit digital data while preventing errors during transmission.

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ag_krish
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41 views

1.6 Data Encoding

The document discusses various techniques for encoding digital data for transmission, including line coding, block coding, and scrambling. It describes several common line coding schemes like NRZ, Manchester, and AMI. Block coding maps groups of bits to codewords, like 4B/5B encoding. Scrambling techniques like B8ZS and HDB3 are used to avoid long runs of zeros which can cause synchronization issues. The encoding schemes aim to efficiently transmit digital data while preventing errors during transmission.

Uploaded by

ag_krish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Encoding

Department of Information Technology, TIST


DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

• We can represent digital data by using


digital signals.
• The conversion involves three
techniques:
• Line coding,
• block coding, and
• scrambling.
• Line coding is always needed;
• block coding and scrambling may or
may not be needed.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Line coding and decoding

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Signal element versus data element

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Effect of lack of synchronization

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Line coding schemes

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Unipolar scheme

In a unipolar scheme, all the


signal levels are on one side of
the time axis, either above
or below.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Unipolar NRZ scheme

It is called NRZ because the signal does not return


to zero
Department at theTechnology,
of Information middle TIST of the bit
Polar scheme

 In polar schemes, the


voltages are on the both
sides of the time axis.
 For example, the voltage
level for 0 can be positive
and the voltage level for I
can be negative.
Department of Information Technology, TIST
Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Note

In NRZ-L the level of the voltage


determines the value of the bit.
In NRZ-I the inversion
or the lack of inversion
determines the value of the bit.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Note

NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have a DC


component problem.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Polar RZ scheme

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Note

In Manchester and differential


Manchester encoding, the
transition
at the middle of the bit is used
for synchronization.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Note

The minimum bandwidth of


Manchester and differential
Manchester is 2 times that of
NRZ.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Bipolar scheme

 In bipolar encoding,
(Multilevel Binary) we
use three levels:
positive, zero, and
negative

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Bipolar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary

(alternate
mark
Inversion)

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Line coding schemes

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Multilevel: 2B1Q scheme

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Multilevel: 8B6T scheme

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Multilevel: 4D-PAM5 scheme

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Line coding schemes

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Multiline Transmission: MLT-3 scheme

• uses three levels (+v, 0, and - V) and


three transition rules to move between
the levels.
1. If the next bit is 0, there is no
transition.
2. If the next bit is 1 and the current
level is not 0, the next level is 0.
3. If the next bit is 1 and the current
level is 0, the next level is the
opposite of the last nonzero level.
Department of Information Technology, TIST
Multiline Transmission: MLT-3 scheme

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Department of Information Technology, TIST
Line coding schemes

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Block coding concept

Note

Block coding is normally referred to as


mB/nB coding;
it replaces each m-bit group with an
n-bit group.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Block coding concept

Division

Combination

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Substitution in 4B/5B block coding

Maximum 1 leading zero and 2 trailing zeros

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Using block coding 4B/5B with NRZ-I line coding scheme

Department of Information Technology, TIST


4B/5B mapping codes

Department of Information Technology, TIST


8B/10B block encoding

Department of Information Technology, TIST


AMI used with scrambling

Department of Information Technology, TIST


B8ZS scrambling technique
Bipolar with 8-Zero substitution

B8ZS substitutes eight consecutive


zeros
Department of Information Technology, TIST
with 000VB0VB.
High-density bipolar 3-zero (HDB3)

Note

HDB3 substitutes four consecutive


zeros with 000V or B00V depending
on the number of nonzero pulses after
the last substitution.

Department of Information Technology, TIST


Different situations in HDB3 scrambling technique

No of nonzero pulse odd - 000V


No of
Department nonzero
of Information pulse
Technology, TIST even - B00V
High-density bipolar 3-zero (HDB3)

1. If the number of nonzero pulses after the


last substitution is odd, the substitution
pattern will be OOOV, which makes the
total number of nonzero pulses even.

1. If the number of nonzero pulses after the


last substitution is even, the substitution
pattern will be BOOV, which makes the
total number of nonzero pulses even.

Department of Information Technology, TIST

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