STATISTICS

COLLECTION OF DATA
 DATA

rawmaterials of Statistics
measurements or observations, scores
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

1. Primary Data includes information collected from

original source of data, which is first hand in nature.
2. Secondary Data includes information collected from
published or unpublished sources such as books,
newspapers, and theses.
METHODS OF
COLLECTING DATA
Primary data can be obtained
through…
 A. Direct or Interview method

A person to person encounter between the one

soliciting information and the one supplying the data.
 B. Indirect or Questionnaire method

The researcher distributes the questionnaire

either by mail or hand carry to the intended
person and collects them by the same process.
 C. Observation method

The researcher obtained data pertaining to behavior

of an individual or a group of individuals at the time
of occurrence of a given situation.
 D. Registration method

It uses important documents such as the number of

households, birth rates, death rates, and marriages
that can be found in both private and government
offices.
 E. Experimental method

It is used to find the cause and effect relationship.

Secondary data can be obtained
from…
A.Journals and periodicals

B.Newspapers

C.Tables

D.Unpublished or published research papers

E.Thesis or dissertations
 Why SAMPLE?
Why not study the whole
POPULATION?
 Quantitative
Research Design Sampling Instruments
Analysis
 DETERMINING THE SAMPLE
SIZE
SLOVIN’S FORMULA

where:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error
 Example

A researcher in USLT would like to make a survey in the school with a

population of 10,000 students with a margin of error of 5 percent.
Solution:

=
= 385 students
 Solve the following:

 A researcher would like to survey 1,000 Senior High School students

for his study. If he wants to be 95% precise with the study, how many
students are to be considered?
 A researcher plans to conduct a survey. If the population size is 18,
000, find the sample size if the desired margin of error is 10%.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
 a procedure
used to
SAMPLING determine the
TECHNIQUE individuals or
members of a
sample.
 2 TYPES OF SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING NON – PROBABILITY
 A sampling procedure of selecting a SAMPLING
sample size (n) from a universe (N) such  It is a sampling technique wherein not
that each member of the population is all members of the population are given
given a non – zero chance of being equal chances to be selected at sample.
included in the sample and all possible  This is otherwise known as Non – Random
combinations of size(n) have an equal Sampling and sometimes called subjective
chance of being selected in the sample. sampling.
 2 TYPES OF SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING NON – PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
1. Simple Random Sampling 1. Convenience Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling 2. Quota Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling 3. Purposive Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling 4. Snowball Sampling
5. Multi-stage Sampling 5. Modal Instance Sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

a method of sampling where each member of the population

has an equal chance of being selected as a part of the sample.
The most common techniques are by drawing lots, using
printed tables of random numbers or using numbers generated
by computers.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

 This process of selecting the

sample when units are
obtained by drawing every nth
element of the population.
 3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING

 The population is divided into groups based on the homogeneity to

avoid the possibility of drawing samples whose members come from
one stratum.
 The distribution sampling units is proportional to the total number
of units in each stratum. The bigger the population, the more sample
units are drawn, the lesser the population, the less sample units.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
 Example
Suppose a researcher wants to determine the average income of the families in a
barangay having 3,000 families that are distributed in 5 purok. Compute for the
sample size n at 5% margin of error and determine the required sample size from
each purok given the following:
Purok Population Percentage n
1 800
2 400
3 500
4 600
5 700
N 3000
 4. CLUSTER SAMPLING

 Sometimes called area sampling

 This is useful in selecting the sample when heterogeneous groups
occupy blocks in a community or city.
 Divide the population area into sections (or clusters) and randomly
select a few of those sections, and finally, choose all the members from
the selected sections.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 5. MULTI – STAGE SAMPLING

 This technique uses several stages or phases in getting the

samples from the general population.
 This method is useful in conducting a nationwide survey or
any survey involving a large universe.
NON – PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
 1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

The researcher conducts a study at his convenient time,

preferred place or venue. He specifies the place and time
where he can gather his data.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 2. QUOTA SAMPLING

 a non – random sampling in

which the researcher limits the
number of his samples based on the
required number of the subject
under investigation
 3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

 It is a non – random
sampling of choosing
samples which is based on
certain criteria and rules
laid down by the
researcher.
 4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING

a non-probability sampling method where a

member of the sample is chosen through referral
of the other members of the sample
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
 5. MODAL INSTANCE SAMPLING

a method of non-probability sampling where the members

of the sample are selected based on the typical, most
frequent observation or modal cases.
The purpose of modal instance sampling is to sample the
most typical members of a population. The
term modal comes from the mode, which is the most
common item in a set.
MODAL INSTANCE SAMPLING
 DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES IN A
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

EXPERIMENTS or CLINICAL TRIALS

Titration
Extraction
In vivo (in the body)
In vitro (in the glass)
 DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES IN A
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

OBSERVING & RECORDING WELL-

DEFINED EVENTS
Example
Counting the number of business owners who are depositing
money in a certain bank in a particular time of the day
 DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES IN A
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Administering surveys or questionnaire

Example
Achievement test
Likert-type
Semantic differential-type questionnaire
 SCALES
Use to capture a respondent’s reactions or
responses to a given item
 BINARY SCALE
Nominal scale consisting of the binary items that assume one
of two possible values.

Example:
Yes or No, True or False
Male or Female (gender)
Full-time or part-time (employment status)
 A Six-Item Binary Scale for Measuring Political Activism

Have you ever written a letter to a public official? Yes No

Have you ever signed a political petition? Yes No

Have you ever donated money to a political cause? Yes No

Have you ever donated money to a candidate running for Yes No
public office?
Have you ever written a political letter to the editor of a Yes No
newspaper or magazine?
Have you ever persuaded someone to change his/her Yes No
voting plans?
 LIKERT SCALE (Rensis
Likert)
Worded statements to which respondents can
indicate their extent of agreement or
disagreement on a five-or seven-point scale.
 A Six-Item Likert Scale for Measuring Employment Self-Esteem
Strongly Somewhat Neutral Somewhat Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree Disagree

I feel good about my job 5 4 3 2 1

I get along well with others at work. 5 4 3 2 1

I’m proud of my relationship with my supervisor at

5 4 3 2 1
work.

I can tell that other people at work are glad to have 5 4 3 2 1

me there.

I can tell that my co-workers respect me. 5 4 3 2 1

I feel like I make a useful contribution at work. 5 4 3 2 1

 SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
SCALE
Composite or multi-item scale
Respondents are typically asked to indicate their
opinions or feelings towards a single statement
using different pairs of adjectives framed as polar
opposites or two extremes
A Semantic Differential Scale for Measuring Attitudes Toward National Health
Insurance
Q: How would you rate your opinion on national health insurance?

Very Much Somewhat Neutral Somewhat Very Much

Good ● ● ● ● ● Bad

Useful ● ● ● ● ● Useless

Caring ● ● ● ● ● Uncaring

Interesting ● ● ● ● ● Boring
 GUTTMAN SCALE (Louis Guttman)

It uses a series of items arranged in

increasing order of intensity of the
concept of interest, from least intense to
most intense.
A Guttman Scale for Measuring Attitude Toward Immingrants
1. Do you mind immigrants being
citizens of your country? Yes No
2. Do you mind immigrants living in
your own neighborhood? Yes No
3. Would you mind living next door to
an immigrant? Yes No
4. Would you mind having an
immigrant as your close friend? Yes No
5. Would you mind if someone in your
family married an immigrant? Yes No
 STAPLE SCALE

Uni-polar rating scale numbered from –n to +n without a

neutral or zero point
Usually presented vertically with the adjective in the
middle, and respondents are required to choose one.
The students are to rate their satisfaction regarding the cleanliness of the
school.
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
clean school
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN
DEVELOPING THE STATEMENTS

DICHOTOMOUS QUESTIONS
 two choices
Example: Yes or No
Like or Dislike
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN
DEVELOPING THE STATEMENTS

OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
 Usually answers the question “why”

Example:
Why is drug prevalent in the country?
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN
DEVELOPING THE STATEMENTS

CLOSED-QUESTIONS
Multiple choice
Consists of three or more mutually
exclusive questions
 How often do you watch TV at home?

Never ------------------------------------- 1
1 or 2 times a week ------------------------------ 2
3 or 4 times a week ------------------------------ 3
Nearly everyday ----------------------- 4
TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN
DEVELOPING THE STATEMENTS

RANK ORDER SCALE

QUESTION
Items Importance Ranking
Doing my homework
Watching the television
Visiting my social media accounts
Practicing playing the guitar
Washing the dishes
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN
DEVELOPING THE STATEMENTS

CONSTANT SUM QUESTIONS

Requires the respondents to enter numeric data
expressing the importance allocated to said
option
How much do you spend daily for each item
having a Php 200 allowance?

Transportation _________________
Snack _________________
Lunch _________________
Savings _________________
Total 200.00
Activity
Instructions:
1. You will be working individually.
2. You will be constructing scales for a certain study.
a. Construct a five-item binary scale for measuring religiosity.
b. Construct a five-item Likert scale for measuring academic performance.
c. Construct a four-item Guttman scale for a person’s attitude towards
depression.
d. Construct a semantic differential scale for measuring the attitudes of the
respondents on the government’s war on drugs.
3. Write each of your constructed scales on a 1 whole sheet of paper.