“If you want to know what a man is like, take a good

look at, how he treats his inferiors, not his equals and
superiors.” 
J.K. Rowling
 

“A woman is like a tea bag; you never know how

strong she is, until she is in hot water.” 
Eleanor Roosevelt
 Lecture - 7

Urban Planning and Design

Urban Planning & Development

(GPA- 316)
 Urban Planning and Design
 Urban Planning
 Urban Development and Urban Planning
 Urban Planning Tools
 Process of Urban Planning
 Dimensions of Urban Planning
 Key factor , facets and issues in Urban Planning
 Urban Design
 Urban Planning , Urban Design and form of the City
 Urban Design Considerations
 Issues and values of Urban Design
 Good and Poor Urban Design implications
 Constraints in Urban Design
 City Management and Urban Design Considerations
 Urban Planning

Monday 20 March 2023 4

 Urban Development and Urban Planning
 Urban growth is multifaceted, it brings economic and development
opportunities, but also puts pressure on the urban space and
infrastructure , environment and create social problems

 Complex nature of Urban development requires extensive Planning

of cities

 Urban Planning involves preparation of Strategies and Plans for the

city development and improvement in condition of Urban
Community.

 Challenge is to focus on community needs and common interests,

choose between different options and guide development towards
common goals including improved livelihoods for the urban poor.
 Urban Planning

 City Managers Plan the City thoroughly

 To influence the future of cities and residents
 To resolve problems , fulfill needs and interests
 To achieve the set objectives (“Men hit only, what he aims at”)
 To ripe benefits, better organize the city life

 Principles

 Improvement in quality of life of the residents

 Most efficient use of financial and ecological resources
 Urban Planning
 It takes the form of

 Strategy
 Plans
 Policies
 Programs / Projects
 Setting Design Criteria, Standards, Specifications and Design
Parameters
 Guidelines.

Documents and Maps prepared for planning of the City

 Urban Planning
 Urban Planning is not simply a matter of allocating land for various kind
of facilities. It includes but not limited to

 Physical reshaping of the large towns and cities.

 Modernization, Development , and Redevelopment (Renewal)
 Concerned with the form of development, redevelopment
 Quality of the physical environment
 Problems of growth (Urban Sprawl) and its management
 Economic Growth and Development , employment
 Social Planning and Development
 Planning for City Governance
 Urban Planning Tools
 Urban Planning Tools include:

 Enabling Tools include public land acquisition laws, property laws,

city development law and allocation, investment in public
infrastructure, green spaces and stimulation of public-private
partnerships.

 Controlling Tools include spatial plans, zoning and land

subdivision regulations, building codes, standards and specifications.

 N.B: Much of the city growth in developing countries happens

outside authorized planning.
 Process of Urban Planning

 Urban Planning process has seven distinct stages.

1. Work programming (Inception Report)

2. Formulating goals and objectives

3. Data Collection, Analysis and Forecasting

4. Strategy /Plan Formulation
5. Strategy/Plan Implementation
6. Monitoring and Control
7. Lessons Learned
 Urban Planning Process Steps
1. Work Programming
 A schedule of the steps to be followed in the planning process. work
programme sometimes called the “ Plan for Planning”.

2. Formulating Goals and objectives

 Clear statements establishing goals, objectives etc.
3. Data Collection, Analysis, and Forecasting
 Baseline Studies:

 A description of conditions, as they currently exist in the form.

 Population Studies:

 Estimates of the current population

 Forecast for future population.
 Urban Planning Process Steps
 Economic Studies.

 Include collection and analysis of data on the production, distribution,

and consumption systems, knowledge of economic activities of
individuals and families.
 Urban Area Social System Study:
 Behavior patterns of individuals, families, institutions, and firms in
spatial patterns.
 Land-use Studies:
 Includes some or all of the following physiographic features
(Topography), geology, climatology, existing land-use, suitability of
vacant land; hydrology, flood potential; structural and environmental
quality, seismology, land value and aesthetics.
 Transportation Studies:
 Data on traffic generation , traffic patterns, evaluation of capacities of
each part of transportation system.
 Urban Planning Process Steps
 Social Welfare Studies:

 Indices based on health, education, standard of living, crime,

delinquency, family structure, and other elements.
 Ecological Studies:

 Environmental quality, this include forests, surface and subsurface

water, marshlands, features of unique visual quality, steep slopes.
Some planners advocates preparing plans based on natural
processes, a process called “environmental determination”

4. Plan and Strategy Formulation

 Depends on environment and objectives

5. Plan and Strategy Implementation

 Depends on Structure, Culture and capacity of implementing organization
6. Monitoring and Control
 Dependent on M&E system in place (Project Monitoring & Evaluation)

7. Lessons Learned
 Facets of Urban Planning
 Hard Part
 Physical /Infrastructure Planning

 Soft Part
 Social Planning
 Economic Planning
 Environmental Planning
 Political/Administrative Planning (Governance)

 Urban Planning involves both hard and soft Planning

 The subject is multi-disciplinary and encompasses knowledge of many
areas, dimensions, tools, skills and techniques.
 Dimensions of Urban Planning
 Physical / Environmental Planning

 Social Planning

 Economic Planning

 Governance Planning
 Physical Planning

 Public Planning
 Macro
 Harmony and heiraricy of placing and managing various
component units of city plan
 Direct intervention by public agencies in the private use of
physical spaces is both desirable and practical.

 Private Planning
 Micro
 How people plan their spaces, mostly regulated through
regulations and codes.
 Environmental Planning
 Conservation of Natural Resources: Urban Planning addresses
affordable and healthy housing, safe and efficient transport systems,
social and utility services and access to economic development and
job opportunities, synchronously safeguards natural resources and
the historic environment (Heritage).

 Environmental Hazards: Adequate urban plans with short- and

long-term perspectives, ensures that feasibly located, affordable,
safe land is set aside for human settlement, to avoid environmental
hazards.

 Disaster Management: In urban planning Risks and Emergencies

should be considered at the outset, coupled with disaster prevention
measures.

 Pollution: Concentration breeds Pollution, Urban Planning suggest

special measures to handle Pollution
 Social Planning
 Urban Poverty: Cities in developing countries experience,
economic and population growth, which inevitably leads to physical
expansion of the informal areas in particular, where the majority of
the population is very poor.

 Slums: Urban areas of developing countries contain large

unplanned areas with informal or illegal slums, characterized by
unhealthy, poor quality housing, lacking basic infrastructure,
services and adequate transport systems.

 Social Protection and Social Security: Especially affected by poor

living environments are women, young people, children, and those
living with diseases (EVFs) .

 Social Inclusion: It is essential to involve all in the city life, civil

society, institutions and individuals must participate.
 Economic Planning and Development
 Informal Economy: Land-use plans and building codes are often
inadequate or too restrictive, leading to an increase in informal settlements
and economic markets

 Informal sector should be encouraged to gradually integrate into the formal

economy. In many cities the informal sector delivers most economic growth
and is normally based in the unplanned areas, so informal economy must
be taken in to account, while making economic plans of the city.

 Spatial Development Plans: largely affects and drives the economy of a

city, livelihood and employment

 Economic Viability : Local authorities lack credit worthiness due to

inadequate fiscal and regulatory frameworks and capacity for revenue
generation, so always need Government financing and support.

 Integration with regional economy: Urban Economy is dependent on

surrounding economies
 Governance Planning
 Local Authorities: are key actors in urban Development but they
need capacity development, institutional strengthening
 Distribution of responsibility and authority between various levels of
Government
 Civil Society: has a central role in planning; by expressing people’s
needs and demands; mobilizing communities to participate in
planning processes; and monitoring service delivery, observance of
laws and systems.
 Equal Participation: of women and men is fundamental as is
participation of different interest or ethnic groups.
 Private sector, including the informal sector, should have a more
instrumental role in urban planning.
 Media: is important for information dissemination and public debate.
 Key Factors in Urban Planning

 Urban Plan addresses the following

important factors:
 Aesthetics - POSH
 Safety and Security
 Housing and Transport
 Livelihood
 Control of slums and suburbanization
 Natural Environment Preservation
 Conservation of Culture and Heritage
 Redevelopment & Renewal
 Sustainability
 Key Points Considered During Planning
 Urban growth brings a potential increase in conflict between
environmental, economic, political, social and cultural interests as
well as between the public and private sectors. Urban Planning must
counteract these tensions.

 Challenge is to support plans and standards that protect public

interest, local environment and the poor, and to balance private and
public costs and interests.

 Political Commitment plays a significant role. Governments are rarely

prepared for the urban growth, as the planning horizon of politicians
is often too narrow.

 Inadequate links between planning and budgeting often results

in non-implementation of plans.
 Key Issues in Urban Planning
 Important issues to be addressed in Planning
 Planning tools need to be multi-disciplinary and participatory and
must include vulnerable strata of population at all levels of
decision-making.

 Services should be affordable and accessible for all inhabitants.

laws, regulations, policies and plans that facilitate access to land,
housing and financial markets, particularly benefits the poor and
marginalized.

 Harmony and integration between communities, culture of

cooperation amongst communities

 Balance between Modernization and preservation of heritage

 Inclusive and sustainable growth

 Importance of Urban Planning & Design
Urban planning and design help Cities in.

1. Making sustainable programs and its replicable models

2. Producing a national spatial strategy within the framework of long

term structural plans

3. National spatial plans tied to the jurisdiction of various tiers of

government, and completion of all tiers of spatial planning (National,
Provincial, District and Tehsil).

4. Connecting urban areas with the rest of the country through the
provision of basic facilities, amenities, infrastructure, and equitable
access to employment.
 Importance of Urban Planning & Design

5. Good Urban Planning and Design makes cities vibrant, productive

through investment in urban and rural areas alike:

i. Public - Private Partnership

ii. Innovative modes of development
iii. Enhancing thrust towards rural urbanization to minimize
the congestion, pollution and other typical environmental
hazards in large cities.
iv. Environmental friendly, controlled development
Urban Design
 Form of the City
 What determines the physical form of the city?

 It emerges from the initiative and enterprise of many people, acting

individually and collectively.

 Primarily, by the Plans and Designs of the City

 All expression and action within the city limits are formally
controlled by law. Laws form an integral part of the whole planning
process.

 Urban development implies a continuous responsibility, of all forces

associated in the process acting independently and
interdependently.
 Urban Design
 An Urban Designer is a disciplinary subset of urban planning. Urban
Designer operates at the junction of City and regional planning,
landscape and sculpture designers, architecture and civil engineering

 Earlier Urban Design was considered as a part of the Urban Plan. Now
modern urban design is a much wider and specialized discipline.

 Difference between Urban Design and Urban Planning

 Urban Design focuses on physical improvement of the public space.

 Urban planning focus on the planning of city land use and other
aspects attached thereto.

 Urban Planning requires a good understanding of range of other

disciplines such as urban economics, political economy and social
theories and phenomenon.
 Urban Design
 Urban Design concerns
 Arrangements
 Appearance
 Functionality of Towns and Cities
 Particularly
 Shaping the facilities
 Effective use of urban public spaces

 Urban design primarily deals with the design and management of

public space and the way public places are designed and used.
 Urban Design Considerations
 Urban Structure – How palces are put together and how its
parts relate to each other
 Acessibility – Providing for ease, safety and choice when
moving to and through Places

 Way finiding – Helping people to find their way around and

understand how a place works

 Animation – Designing places to stimulate public activity,

cultural stimulation

 Function and fit – Shaping places to support their varied

intended uses
 Urban Design Considerations
 Complementary mixed uses – Locating activities to allow
constructive interaction between them like Hotel , Golf course

 Character and meaning – Recognizing and valuing the

differences between one place and another

 Order and incident – Balancing consistency and variety in the

urban environment in the interests of appreciating both

 Continuity and change – Locating people in time and place,

including respect for heritage and support for contemporary
culture

 Civil Society – Making places where people are free to

encounter each other as civic equals, an important component in
building Social Capital.
 Issues Considered in Urban Design

 Disability
 Disability Car Parking, Ramps
 Gender
 Separate Wash Rooms
 Children
 Play areas on airports, shopping centers etc
 Culture
 Body scanning machine
 Religion
 Respect for all, Dance Club in front of Mosque in Foregin Country
 Value of Urban Design
Potential benefits include:

 Better public health - Encourage people to undertake

physical exercise, thereby creating health benefits, balance
between ride and walk
 Help make towns and cities, safer and more secure.
 Better Urban Environment - Reduced vehicle emissions
 Greater social equity
 Enhanced land values
 More vibrant local economy
 Enhanced Aesthetics and appearances
 More sustainable use of non-renewable resources
 Good Urban Design
 Better Quality of Life: Encourage people to undertake physical
exercise, thereby creating health benefits.

 Make towns and cities safer and more secure.

 Good Urban Design does not necessarily cost more, as it delivers

enhanced benefits to both the city authorities and the wider
community.

 Good Urban Design involve more investment upfront, but this

generally pays off over the lifetime of the building or place, so it is
overall Profitable.

 Well-designed urban areas enhance economic interaction,enterprise

and innovation and attract skilled workers, residents and tourists.
 Poor Design Can have adverse effects
Poor urban design adversely affect

 Quality of life of urban residents

 City’s Environment

 Cost of living in City

 Sustainability

 Good Urban Design does not necessarily cost more, Good design may
involve more investment upfront, but this generally pays off over the
lifetime.
 Constraints of Urban Designer

 Public spaces are under overlapping management responsibilities of

multiple public agencies or authorities , as well as the requirements of
multiple and sometimes competing users

 Design, construction and management of public spaces are

closely regulated by City Management

 Urban designers rarely have artistic liberty sometimes offered in

design professions such as architecture.

 Urban Land Use greatly affects the Urban Design and Vice Versa.
Design is dependent heavily on available space and use of land

 Urban designer operates in tight compartment and prepares

designs in accordance with parameters set by city management
Urban Design Parameters and City Management
Design Parameters set Design Parameters Design Parameters
by City Authorities )Building Design – I( )Building Design – II(
Height Lower Ground , Ground plus 12 Ground plus 7, max. 250 ft
– Max. 450 Ft within Funnel
Area
FAR 1:5 1:9
Location KmsWithin radius of Airport-5 Within 10-Kms radius of
Airport
Ground Coverage / 100% or Set-Backs 75%
Building Foot Prints 'N=10', S= 20', E=10', W=10
Basement Parking Parking plus storage
Floors Detail All Commercial Two Floors Residential, 5-
Commercial
Amenities Public Toilets Food Court, Public Toilets
Essential Provisions Handicapped Parking, Ramps, Handicapped Parking, Ramps,
Emergency Exits on each floor Emergency Exits on each floor
 Urban Design Parameters
(FAR and Ground Coverage /Foot Prints)
Height Restrictions Close to Airfields
Height Restrictions
Thanks