INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

Understanding Paint System

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Paint system

What is paint made of?

The main constituents of paint are
1. Binder (Resin)
2. Pigment
3. Extender (filler)
4. Solvent and
5. Additives (auxiliary substances).

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What is a Binder (Resin)?

 A binder is a fluid or a solution that

forms a film during drying or curing
 Describes the generic type of
paint/coating
 Bind pigments and extenders to a
solid film
 Provides the adhesion to the
substrate
 Provides the water, chemical, solvent
and UV resistance

Resin:
1. Its a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in water, exuded by some trees and other plant. woody plants produce resin in
response to injury. The resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens
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2. a solid or liquid synthetic organic polymer used as the basis of plastics, adhesives, varnishes, or other products.
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Binder : Types of binders

Natural resin: Synthetic resin:

1. Drying oil 1. Alkyd
2. Wood rosin
2. Chlorinated rubber
3. Coal Tar
3. Vinyl
4. Bitumen
5. Nitro-cellulose 4. Acrylic
5. Epoxy
6. Polyurethane
7. Silicate
8. Polyester
9. Polysiloxane

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Binder :
Binders can be divided into three groups (generic types) depending on the drying or curing
process which takes place after the paint has been applied to the substrate.

1. The first group are known as oxidatively drying, as the paint absorbs oxygen from the
air and dries. Example: alkyd paints.

2. The next group are called physically drying. When the paint is applied to the substrate,
the solvent simply evaporates. Examples: chlorinated rubber, Vinyl, Acrylic, Asphalt
and Tar

3. The third and final group contains chemically curing paints. These paints are usually
two component, e.g. Epoxy, Polyurethane, Polyester and Silicate

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 Binders are also classified into following two types.
 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting type
 Thermoplastic-Chlorinated Rubber
 Thermosetting- Others , like
 Alkyd-Synthetic Enamel type
 Epoxy – Mostly used for best corrosion resistance
 PU- Mostly used as Top coat for good look and resistance to sunlight/chalking
 Thermosetting Binder are much more resistant to corrosion than Thermoplastic
 Strength of Binders are:
 Primer: IZS>EP ZR>EP ZP>EP. MASTIC> PU> CHLORO>ALKYD
 FINISH: Epoxy>PU>Chloro> Alkyd
 Modifications of Binder/Resin will make a film stronger like in- Coal tar Epoxy ;
Novalac Epoxy

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Thermoplastic : Soften and melt on heating and become hard on cooling i.e. process is reversible.
Thermosetting : Become hard on heating and process is ireversible.
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 Most coatings are named after the binder (resin).
Examples:
1. Alkyds
2. Epoxies
3. Acrylics
4. Urethanes

 Other coatings may be named after the pigment such as

1. zinc rich primer or red lead
2. Zinc Phosphate primer.
Example: Epoxy Zinc rich Primer, Epoxy Zinc phosphate Primer
 All Binders are Organic in nature except Inorganic Zinc silicate which is Inorganic type .
Note:
1. Organic means – Made from Crude and of Carbon & Hydrogen mainly
2. Inorganic means –developed chemically and made of Silicon Resin
3. Inorganic coating is more resistant to corrosion 7
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 Modified binders : A modified binder may contain more than one binder. A binder may be
modified chemically by attaching new groups to their molecules, e.g.

1. Coal Tar Epoxy

2. Vinyl Epoxy
3. Acrylic Epoxy
4. Epoxy Mastic
5. Polyurethane Acrylic
6. Polyurethane Polyester
7. Styrenated Alkyd
8. Polyurethane-oil Alkyd
9. Epoxy Ester

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Pigments:
Pigments in a paint is the colour pigments which give the opaqueness and desired shade
etc. Colour pigments, both organic and inorganic, are available in many shades.
Titanium dioxide is a strong colouring white pigment with good opaqueness and is used in
white and pale colours.
Rust-inhibiting pigments include zinc (cathodic protection) and zinc phosphate (inhibiting
protection). Such pigments are used only in primers (first coat).

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 Role of Pigment : Pigments are the arms of Binder in coating and provides

1. Corrosion Resistance
2. Chemical Resistance;
3. Water resistance ;
4. Salt resistance ;
5. Acid/Alkali resistance ;
6. Opacity ; Colour ;
7. Abrasion resistance; Hardness; Flexibility
8. Film thickness
9. Solid content of the coating
10. Adhesion with surface & Old coating
11. Fire resistance
12. Thermal /heat resistance

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Pigments:
 Colour Pigments
 •Natural or synthetic pigments
 •Organic or inorganic pigments

Function of colour pigment:

 Gives colour to the film
 Hides the substrate (opacity)

 Almost all colours consist of a blend of

pigments
 Individual colours can be changed or
adjusted by altering the pigment blend

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 Active / Reactive pigments - Take an

active role in ensuring that the paint
performs as expected:
 Anticorrosive (inhibitive or galvanic)
 Red Lead
 Lead chromate
 Zinc chromate
 Zinc phosphate
 Zinc dust
 Barrier pigments (flakes shaped
pigments)
 Glass, aluminum and micaceous iron
oxide (MIO)
 Antifouling
 Cuprous oxide 12
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Extenders or fillers:
Extenders or fillers such as dolomite, talcum etc. have little or no opaqueness and are
transparent in the binder. They have different forms e.g. balls, needles, fibres etc. and
are used to give a sealed film, the right gloss etc. In antifouling paints, for example,
copper oxide is used as a pigment to prevent fouling of ships’ hulls.

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How to Stop Corrosion ?

Solvents:
Solvents are added to the paint to dissolve the binder and adjust the viscosity so the paint
can be applied by brush, roller or spray gun. Different binders require special solvents
or solvent mixtures to be able to dry or cure in such a way that the paint properties are
not damaged.
 Role of Solvent
1. Solvent helps to apply coating easily
2. Solvent helps all pigments & additives mixing properly
3. Solvent helps to lay film uniformly
4. Solvent helps in storage
5. After film laying, solvent evaporates
6. Thus Solvent creates more pollution
7. Hence coating with less solvent is better for us
8. High Build or high solid coating pollutes less and is eco-friendly Low VOC coating
 Examples of solvent:
Water , White Spirit, Xylene, Toluene, Ketones, Glycol, Alcohals
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Additives: Thinner :
Additives are a small, but important, part of the Evaporation rate and solubility of a thinner
paint. Such substances include anti-settling influence a paint’s:
agents (to prevent fouling), thickeners (to
prevent sagging / running), antifoaming • Drying time
agents (to prevent air entrapment), etc. • Film-forming properties
• Quality of the film
Types of Additives and Extenders
1. Wetting & Dispersing Agents
2. Rheological Additives (Viscosity Adjustment)
3. Driers 1. Most paints are ready to be applied as
4. Anti foaming/Air release additives
supplied by the manufacturer.
5. UV absorbers/Light Stabilizers
6. Adjust the gloss level (extenders): 2. Never add an unspecified thinner to a
7. Anti Settling Additive paint, it may lead to disastrous results
8. Anti-settling
9. Anti-skin
10. Anti sagging

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Paint system

What does a paint system consist of?

In most cases, a paint system consists of 2 to 4 coats and is built up from a primer coat,
one or two intermediate coats and a top coat. The three main constituents in the paint
system can be three different paints, but it is not unusual to use a particular paint as
both primer and intermediate coat. Each part of the system has a specific function and it
is therefore important to follow the instructions of the paint manufacturer and the
recommended system structure to achieve the best possible result.
 The main purpose of primers is to ensure good adhesion of the system to the substrate.
 Intermediate coats usually ensure that the system is sufficiently thick to create a good
barrier from the surrounding environment.
 The top coat gives the surface the right colour, a good durable gloss and protection
against the external environment.

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Paint

 What is Primer?
 A primer is a coat of paint that is applied directly to the bare substrate. The
word ‘primer’ means ‘first’ and in this case it is the first coat to be applied to
the surface to be coated.

 The primer is the most important coat of paint a substrate receives. The final
paint system is totally dependent on the primer during its job.

 The primer will only be able to perform well if the surface preparation has
been done well.

 Primers are the anchors for the new paint system.

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Paint

 Function of Primer?
 To provide excellent adhesion to the substrate for the new paint system.
Primers therefore need to have good adhesion to the substrate themselves and
to provide a surface that subsequent coats of paints can easily adhere to.

 To provide protection to the substrate until it can be top coated.

 To inhibit moisture reaching the substrate.

 To seal the surface and prevent subsequent coats of paint sinking into the
substrate and losing gloss.

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Paint

 Primer composition
 primers are made using specialized binders that are compatible with the
substrate and that have excellent adhesion to it.
 For example the alkyd binder used in Resin Wood Primer is excellent over
timber but will chemically decompose if used over zinc metal or fresh
concrete. The resin binder actually turns to soap in these situations.

 Metal primers contain substantial quantities of anti-corrosive pigments to

chemically inhibit corrosion. Often they are cynically coloured to match the
colour of rust.

 Primers are usually pigmented and have a middle range PVC (pigment
volume concentration) around 35-45%. This allows them to have spare binder
resin (left over from pigment holding together duties) for adhesion to 19
substrate purposes.
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 If the surface of a piece of timber magnified 100 times it could be represented

as the top surface of a can of drinking straws. As a primer dries the pigment
particles slowly sink onto the opening of each straw and block it off.
 Primers have an excess of pigment and this ensures they dry with a slightly
roughened surface to aid the adhesion of subsequent coats.

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Paints –Protective Coating

 INTERMEDIATE coats also serve as barriers in the coating system, as well as

adding film thickness.

 Intermediate coats must be compatible with the primer as well as the topcoat.

 Over coating Interval and proper thickness is crucial in Intermediate coat

 Over-coating on IZS is the most Important .

 Why?

high deposition of film thickness (125 microns +) can result in mud-cracking while lower dry film thickness can affect
the performance of coating.
The most frequent problem associated when top coating is bubbling/pinholing especially with non-weathered zinc21
silicate coatings.
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Paints –Protective Coating

 FINISH coats in the system must protect the substrate, and previous coats,
from the environment in which the coating will be exposed.

 This may be simply atmospheric exposure, or a more severe environment

such as immersion or chemical. – Suitable is Epoxy coating

 Top coat should resist degradation of coating from UV-Ray and polluted
gases , due to exposure to sunlight & external environment-Suitable is PU
coating

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Paint system

How does paint protect the substrate ?

Paint protects the substrate in three main ways:
1. barrier effect
2. inhibitor effect and
3. galvanic effect.
 Paints which have a barrier effect only form a barrier between the substrate and
the environment and no rust-inhibiting pigments are added. Most paints come under
this group: many primers, all intermediate coats and top coats. Aluminium and glass
flakes are often used in primers to increase the barrier effect.
 Paints which use the inhibitor effect contain inhibiting pigments e.g. zinc
phosphate. Such pigments are only used in primers. Paints in this group are not
suitable for use under water.
 Paints with a galvanic effect contain pure zinc pigments and are used only as
primers. The basic principle is that the zinc makes metallic contact with the steel so
that the zinc can act as an anode. If the paint system is damaged, the zinc pigments will
protect the exposed steel cathodically.
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Paints –Protective Coating

 Barrier effect

 Most paints protect the steel by forming a barrier to the surrounding

environment

 A barrier will increase the resistance in the galvanic circle

 A thick barrier will give better protection than a thin

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Paints –Protective Coating

 Inhibitor effect
 In inhibitive coatings, moisture may penetrate to reach the inhibitive primer
where the reactive pigments are activated, which in turn passivizes the metal
substrate at the coating/metal interface
 Example of Inhibitive pigments:
 •Red Lead (not used)
 •Lead/zinc chromate (not used)
 •Zinc phosphate

 Product with inhibitive pigments are not suited for immersed substrates

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Paints –Protective Coating

 Cathodic effect
 Some paints offer the same cathodic protection effect as sacrificial anodes
 A zinc-rich primer reacts to protect the steel substrate when the topcoat is
damaged
 The CP type of paints is not an inert paint film as the barrier coatings
 The paints contain active, metallic pigments
 The pigments react with moisture and the steel and creates a calcareous
deposit on bare spots of the steel substrate

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 Drying / Curing Mechanism : The properties of a paint film is closely related to how
the binder dries or cures . The three most common drying / curing mechanisms are:

1. Solvent evaporation (physically drying)

2. Reaction with oxygen in the air (oxidation)
3. Chemical reaction between resin and hardener

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 Solvent evaporation (physically drying) : Physically drying paints are single-

component, and dry by pure evaporation of the solvents. Due to evaporation of
solvents, the molecules get packed and melt together to form a paint film. There is no
any chemical bonds formed in this type of paint. They are also resoluble by other
paints which contain strong solvents or in contact with thinners.

 The group of physically drying paints contains generic types such as

1. Chlorinated rubber Vinyl
2. Acrylic Silicone
3. Bitumen Tar
4. Antifoulings

 CR paints are used outdoors both above and under water. Vinyl-based paints are used
only above water. Acrylic is used as a top coat, as it retains its gloss better than
chlorinated rubber or vinyl in such systems. acrylic is also used as primers in
waterborne systems.
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 Curing (drying) through oxidation

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 Physical drying: Waterborne paints  Physical drying. Solvent borne paints

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 Curing mechanism of two -pack paints

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Generic Paint Types

It is not possible to develop a "universal" paint which fulfils all possible functions. Paints
are therefore developed for different jobs. As a result, each paint has a different set of
properties.

Paints are often grouped according to the chemical composition of the binder, which we
refer to as ‘generic paint types’. To ensure that you choose the right paint or paint
system with the right properties, it is important to know the strengths and weaknesses
of the various generic types.

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 Alkyd paints:
 Alkyd paints are made from alcohol and acid with the addition of fatty acid or oil. The
addition of fatty acid and/or oil can be varied to give alkyds with different properties.
The term alkyd is a modification of the original name "alcid", reflecting the fact that
they are derived from alcohol and organic acids.
 Alkyd paints can only be used above water (not submerged) as the water resistance of
Alkyd paints is poor.
 They are not used on zinc primer or galvanised steel as a chemical reaction -
saponification - would occur with the binder, with subsequent blistering and flaking.
The drying/curing process is also temperature-dependent. This is because alkyd paints
dry or cure by absorbing oxygen from the air. This is a chemical reaction and such
reactions are always influenced by temperature.
 The degree of pre-treatment required for the substrate can vary from St 2 to Sa 2½,
depending on the purpose of the paint and the environment to which the paint is
exposed. By modifying the alkyds for example with styrene or silicon, other properties
can be achieved.
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Advantages of Alkyd Paint Limitations of Alkyd Paint

 Good application properties  Poor chemical resistance (especially
 1-component against alkaline)
 Good weather durability  Limited water resistance (submerged)
 Good wetting properties  Limited solvent resistance
 Good re-coatability  Limited film thickness per coat
 Good levelling properties  Poor adhesion to CR
 Good gloss retention  Never to be used on Zin
 Dry heat resistant up to 120 ºC.

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 Chemically curing paints:

 Chemically curing paints are thermosetting plastics, unlike physically drying paints
which are thermoplastics. Thermosetting plastics are more resistant to chemicals than
thermoplastics as they form an insoluble three-dimensional network after curing.
These paints are normally two-component. The supplier provides these paints in two
separate containers, one for the base and the other for the curing agent. We often refer
to these as component A and component B. Before painting, the two components must
be mixed. It is particularly important to mix the components in the correct ratio and to
ensure good agitation.
 The curing process is a chemical reaction between the base and curing agent, so
application and curing are temperature-dependent. It is equally important to apply the
paint to the substrate before the chemical reaction has proceeded for too long after
mixing of the components.
 When the potlife has elapsed, the paint becomes dry and finally completely hard and
cannot be applied.

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 Chemically curing paints:

 Epoxy paints have excellent chemical resistance, particularly to alkalis. They have
good adhesion both to steel and concrete and good water resistance. Epoxy can be
modified using phenol, coal tar and hydrocarbon resin to give special properties, e.g.
better chemical resistance, better penetration, better water resistance etc. One
drawback with many epoxy paints is that they contain large quantities of solvent.
However, other types have now been developed with a high solids content (mastic
products) with excellent "all round" properties.
 There are also a solvent-free epoxy paints which are used for drinking water tanks.
 Waterborne Epoxy paints are increasingly being used today because they give a better
working environment. Chemical resistance however is slightly reduced.
 Zinc epoxy (organic) or zinc ethyl silicate (inorganic) are used as cathodic protective
primers on blast-cleaned substrates. Zinc ethyl silicate (solvent-based) and alkali
silicate (waterborne) are also often used inside storage tanks for solvents because of
the extremely good solvent resistance.

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 Chemically curing paints:

 Polyurethane paints are also thermosetting plastics. They are used as top coats on
epoxy (which chalks in sunlight) as they have excellent weather-resistance and durable
gloss.
 Polyester paints are thick coat paints used in areas where a high degree of wear
resistance is required. For example gangways, production decks, dam walls (concrete)
for power stations etc. These paints are applied in thick coats (e.g. 2 x 750 μm) and
cure quickly (a few hours). They also have good chemical resistance.
 Vinyl ester is also a thick coat paint (2 x 750μm). It has good chemical resistance and
is often used inside storage tanks for chemicals. Such paints can be used on both steel
and concrete.

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