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Group 2 Presentation - Digital Filters

This document discusses digital filters. It defines digital filters as mathematical algorithms that operate on digital input signals to produce digital output signals for filtering objectives. Common uses of digital filters include signal separation, restoration, compression, and transmission. Digital filters are characterized by their impulse response and can be classified as linear time-invariant. Realization methods discussed include direct form, cascade, parallel, and state variable structures. Ideal and practical filter types such as low-pass and band-pass are also covered.

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26 views

Group 2 Presentation - Digital Filters

This document discusses digital filters. It defines digital filters as mathematical algorithms that operate on digital input signals to produce digital output signals for filtering objectives. Common uses of digital filters include signal separation, restoration, compression, and transmission. Digital filters are characterized by their impulse response and can be classified as linear time-invariant. Realization methods discussed include direct form, cascade, parallel, and state variable structures. Ideal and practical filter types such as low-pass and band-pass are also covered.

Uploaded by

Givenet Makosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING
GROUP 2 : DIGITAL FILTERS
GROUP MEMBERS
MABVA CEPHAS R195323V
MLAMBO TADIWANASHE R195243B
NYANYIWA SEDRICK R196752J
MUDZUDZU TAKUDZWA R195279X
MAKUMBIZA MUTSA R197127C
SIMBA FAITH R1710938
MUTORINHO JOCELYN M R199186M
MHIKE CECIL T R197129A
KUTAMA TAKUDZWA SEAN R199187X
NYABANGA TAWANDA L R195289X
BASICS OF DIGITAL FILTERS

BASICALLY FILTERING IS DEFINED AS A PROCESS OF SELECTING, OR


SUPPRESSING, CERTAIN FREQUENCY COMPONENTS OF A SIGNAL WHICH IF
OFTEN DONE TO SUPPRESS NOISE
WHAT IS DIGITAL FILTERING
 A DIGITAL FILTER IS A MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTED IN
HARDWARE AND/OR SOFTWARE THAT OPERATES ON A DIGITAL INPUT SIGNAL
TO PRODUCE A DIGITAL OUTPUT SIGNAL FOR THE PURPOSE OF ACHIEVING A
FILTERING OBJECTIVE.

 DIGITAL FILTERS OPERATE ON DIGITIZED ANALOG SIGNALS OR JUST


NUMBERS, REPRESENTING SOME VARIABLE, STORED IN A COMPUTER
MEMORY.

 A SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A REAL-TIME DIGITAL FILTER WITH


ANALOG INPUT AND OUTPUT SIGNALS
USES OF DIGITAL FILTERS
SIGNAL SEPERATION
IT IS NEEDED WHEN A SIGNAL HAS BEEN CONTAMINATED WITH
INTERFERENCE, NOISE OR ANOTHER SIGNAL

SIGNAL RESTORATION
IT IS USED WHEN A SIGNAL HAS BEEN DISTORTED IN SOME WAY
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS
 DATA COMPRESSION

 BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

 SPEECH AND IMAGE PROCESSING

 DATA TRANSMISSION

 DIGITAL AUDIO

 TELEPHONE ECHO CANCELLATION ETC


DIGITAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS &
CLASSIFICATION
• ALGORITHM RUNNING ON A
PROCESSING CORE • DIGITAL FILTERS ARE CHARACTERIZED
BY THEIR IMPULSE RESPONSE.
• PROGRAMMABLE
• A FILTER’S IMPULSE RESPONSE IS ITS
• EASILY DESIGNED, TESTED AND RESPONSE TO A INPUT IMPULSE WHICH
IMPLEMENTED ON PC BRINGS THE LTI, FIR AND IIR FILTER
• ARE NOT SUBJECT TO DRIFT OR SYSTEMS.
DEPENDENT ON TEMPERATURE
• CAN ACCURATELY HANDLE LOW-
FREQUENCY SIGNALS.
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL FILTERS OVER ANALOG
FILTERS
1. TRULY LINEAR PHASE RESPONSE.

2. PERFORMANCE DOES NOT VARY WITH ENVIRONMENTAL


CHANGES, FOR EXAMPLE THERMAL VARIATIONS.

3. THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE CAN BE AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTED


IF THE FILTER IS IMPLEMENTED USING A PROGRAMMABLE
PROCESSOR.

4. DIGITAL FILTERS CAN BE USED AT VERY LOW FREQUENCIES.


MAIN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL FILTERS
OVER ANALOG FILTERS
1. SPEED LIMITATION: THE MAXIMUM BANDWIDTH OF SIGNALS THAT
DIGITAL FILTERS CAN HANDLE, IN REAL TIME, IS MUCH LOWER THAN
FOR ANALOG SIGNALS.

2. FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS: DIGITAL FILTERS ARE SUBJECT TO


NOISES LIKE ADC NOISE AND ROUND OFF NOISE THAT COULD LEAD TO
INSTABILITY.

3. LONG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT TIMES: THE DESIGN AND


DEVELOPMENT TIMES FOR DIGITAL FILTERS, ESPECIALLY HARDWARE
DEVELOPMENT, CAN BE MUCH LONGER THAN FOR ANALOG FILTERS.
TYPES OF DIGITAL FILTERS
DIGITAL FILTERS

A DIGITAL FILTER IN GENERAL CAN BE REPRESENTED BY ITS


IMPULSE RESPONSE, H(K) (K=0,1,..) AS IN THE FOLLOWING FIGURE:

A CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION OF A DIGITAL FILTER


THE INPUT AND OUTPUT SIGNALS TO THE FILTER ARE
RELATED BY THE CONVOLUTION SUM:
LINEAR-TIME INVARIANT (LTI) & ANALYSIS

• TIME INVARIANT : THE SYSTEM DOES


• WE ANALYZE DSP ALGORITHM BY
NOT CHANGE WITH TIME
REALIZING THEIR TIME-DOMAIN AND
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
• UNDER TIME-DOMAIN: LINEAR
• LINEAR : DEFINED BY THE PRINCIPLE DIFFERENCE EQUATION AND FILTER’S
UNIT SAMPLE RESPONSE.
OF SUPERPOSITION WHICH INCLUDES
THE PRINCIPLE OF ADDITIVITY AND • UNDER FREQUENCY DOMAIN : MORE
HOMOGENEITY GENERAL Z-TRANSFORM DOMAIN AND
FOURIER DOMAIN.
LINEAR DIFFERENCE EQUATION & ELEMENTS OF
DIGITAL FILTERS

THE LINEAR-INVARIANT DIGITAL FILTER CAN


THEN BE DESCRIBED BY THE LINEAR
DIFFERENCE EQUATION ABOVE DELAYS:
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL FILTERS: ADDERS
AND MULTIPLIERS
EXAMPLES

• THREE SAMPLE AVERAGE • FIRST ORDER RECURSIVE FILTER


LTI DEPENDENCY

• LINEAR CONVOLUTION • CAUSAL LTI SYSTEM

LINEAR CONVOLUTION GIVES THE OUTPUT AT TIME N DEPENDS ONLY ON


RESPONSE OF THE LTI SYSTEM AS A PRESENT AND PAST VALUES BUT NOT
FUNCTION OF THE INPUT SIGNAL AND THE FUTURE VALUES
UNIT SAMPLE (IMPULSE RESPONSE)
ESSENTIALS OF Z-TRANSFORM AND APPLICATION

• FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR LTI IN POLE


• FOR A DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL: ZERO PLOT
• WHERE Z IS A COMPLEX VARIABLE
•
IDEAL DIGITAL FILTERS

• AN IDEAL FILTER IS A FREQUENCY SELECTIVE NETWORK THAT HA VERY


SHARP CUT-OFF CHARACTERISTICS I.E. IT TRANSMIT THE SIGNALS OF
CERTAIN SPECIFIED BAND OF FREQUENCIES EXACTLY AND TOTALLY
REJECTS THE SIGNALS OF FREQUENCIES OUTSIDE THE BAND.
• IDEAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS
IDEAL LOW-PASS FILTER AND HIGH-PASS FILTER

• LOW-PASS FILTER • HIGH-PASS FILTER


IDEAL BAND-PASS AND BAND-REJECTION
FILTERS
• BAND-PASS FILTERS (BPF) • BAND-REJECTION FILTERS (BRF)
PRACTICAL FILTERS
• IDEALLY PRACTICAL FILTERS INVOLVE THE MAGNITUDE FREQUENCY
RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT FILTERS WHICH INCLUDE:
• LOW PASS FILTER WHICH ONLY ALLOWS LOW FREQUENCIES TO PASS AND
ATTENUATES HIGH FREQUENCIES
• HIGH PASS FILTERS WHICH ALLOW HIGH FREQUENCIES TO PASS AND
ATTENUATES LOW FREQUENCIES
• BAND PASS FILTER WHICH ALLOWS A CERTAIN BAND OF FREQUENCIES TO
PASS AND ATTENUATES LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCIES
• BAND STOP FILTER WHICH ATTENUATES A CERTAIN BAND OF FREQUENCIES
AND ALLOWS ALL OTHER FREQUENCIES THAT ARE NOT WITHIN THE BAND.
REALIZATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS

WHAT AND WHY REALIZATION


• REALIZATION IS THE PROCESS OF CONVERTING THE TRANSFER FUNCTION INTO A BLOCK
DIAGRAM OR PROGRAM (SOFTWARE)
• DESIGNERS ARE INTERESTED IN REALIZATIONS WHICH ARE ECONOMICAL, SIMPLE AND CHEAP
WITH SHORT WORD-LENGTH AND HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE.
• NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENTS ARE CALCULATED FROM THE TRANSFER FUNCTION.

FORMS OF REALIZATION OF IIR FILTERS INCLUDE:


• DIRECT
• CASCADE
• PARALLEL
• STATE VARIABLE
DIRECT FORM
• DIRECT FORM REALIZATION
1: FILTERS ARE REALIZED AND EXAMPLE
DIRECTLY FROM THE DIFFERENCE
DIRECT FORM 2 : FILTERS ARE REALIZED BY
EQUATION : BREAKING H(Z) INTO A PRODUCT OF TWO TRANSFER
FUNCTIONS:

• THEY ARE REPRESENTED IN A DIAGRAM


BELOW • THIS TYPE OF REALIZATION IS REPRESENTED IN A
DIAGRAM BELOW
DIRECT FORM (EXAMPLE 1)
QUESTION
• FIND THE DIRECT FORM 1 AND DIRECT FORM 2 OF :

SOLUTION
FIRST H(Z) SHOULD BE CHANGED TO RATIONAL POLY IN Z^-1 HENCE:

REALIZATION BLOCKS
DIRECT FORM 1 DIRECT FORM 2
CASCADE REALIZATION &PARALLEL
REALIZATION PARALLEL REALIZATION
CASCADE REALIZATION
• IN THIS CASE H(Z) IS BROKEN INTO A PRODUCT OF • FILTERS ARE REALIZED AS PARALLEL
TRANSFER FUNCTIONS H1((Z), H2(Z)….HI(Z), AND CONNECTION OF FIRST –ORDER AND
EACH RATIONAL EXPRESSION IN Z^-1 AS
FOLLOWS:
SECOND ORDER SECTIONS THAT IS THE
OUTPUTS OF THE LOWER-ORDER
SECTIONS ARE CONNECTED TO AN
ADDER AND ALSO CAN BE REALIZED AS
• ALSO OUTPUT EQUATION AS: DIRECT FORM 1 AND 2

• FILTERS ARE REALIZED AS A CASCADE OF FIRST-


ORDER AND SECOND ORDER SECTIONS AND EACH
SECTION CAN BE REALIZED AS A DIRECT FROM 1
OR DIRECT FORM 2
STATE VARIABLE

• DEF: THE STATE OF THE SYSTEM IS THE MINIMAL INFORMATION REQUIRED


THAT ALONG THE INPUT ALLOWS THE DETERMINATION OF THE OUTPUT.
• DEF BY EQUATION
CONCLUSION & SUMMARY

• IN THIS PRESENTATION WE LEARN MORE ABOUT DIGITAL FILTER


CHARACTERISTICS
• THE DEFINITION OF FILTERS, DIGITAL FILTERS , REALIZATION AND ITS NEED
FOR USE
• DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS OF FILTERS
• MANY FORMS OF REALIZATION ARE USED IN ORDER TO GET THE BEST
STRUCTURE OF THE FILTER

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