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Sci10 q3w4L1

The document discusses DNA replication and the role of enzymes in the process. It begins by defining DNA and its structure. It then explains the three main steps of DNA replication: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the DNA double helix unwinds and a replication fork is formed. Elongation involves DNA polymerase synthesizing new strands that are complementary to the original strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks meet. The key enzymes involved are DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase, and primase. DNA replication is an enzyme-dependent process that makes copies of DNA to transmit genetic information to new cells.

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Cedric Baldoza
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65 views

Sci10 q3w4L1

The document discusses DNA replication and the role of enzymes in the process. It begins by defining DNA and its structure. It then explains the three main steps of DNA replication: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the DNA double helix unwinds and a replication fork is formed. Elongation involves DNA polymerase synthesizing new strands that are complementary to the original strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks meet. The key enzymes involved are DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase, and primase. DNA replication is an enzyme-dependent process that makes copies of DNA to transmit genetic information to new cells.

Uploaded by

Cedric Baldoza
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 26

PRE-ACTIVITY: Matching Type

Read each carefully and identify the word given in column 2.

1.  Hereditary material in humans and almost


all other organisms.  A. Polymerase
2. The process by which the genome's DNA is
copied in cells B. Ligase
3.  An enzyme that function as to unpack an
organism's genetic material. C. DNA
4.  An enzyme that can catalyze the joining of
two large molecules by forming a new D. Helicase
chemical bond.
5. an enzyme that synthesizes long chains of E. DNA Replication
polymers or nucleic acids.
Inheritance and Variation

DNA and Protein Synthesis

3RD QUARTER Module 2 Lesson 1


Learning Competency
Explain how protein is made using
information from DNA.
(SIOLT-IIId-37)
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lessons, the students shall
be able to:
A. Define DNA;
B. Replicate a hypothetical DNA;
C. Acknowledge the importance of DNA to living
things.
Inheritance and Variation

DNA and Protein Synthesis

3RD QUARTER Module 2 Lesson 1


What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) is the genetic information
inside the body's cells that
helps make organisms who
they are. It serves as the
blueprint of the hereditary
information of eukaryotic
organisms.
What is DNA?
DNA is mainly found in the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells and
the nucleoid region of
prokaryotic cells. It is made up
of two strands (α- helix and
beta-plate sheet) that are coiled
that form a double helix.
What is DNA?
The sides of the DNA
ladder are composed of
deoxyribose sugar and
phosphate molecules
with a nitrogen base in
each step of the ladder A base, a sugar molecule,
held together by and a phosphate group form
hydrogen bonds. a nucleotide. A chain of
nucleotides from a DNA
molecule.
What is DNA?
DNA has nitrogen
bases classified into two
groups: purines and
pyrimidines.

Purines are; Pyrimidines


Adenine (A) are;
and Guanine Thymine (T)
(G) and Cytosine
(C) Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine, and
Guanine are said to be complementary
bases, respectively.
Replication (DNA makes DNA)
DNA replicates to
produce a copy of the genetic
material that will be
transferred to new cells
during mitosis or to new
gametes during meiosis.
Replication (DNA makes DNA)
When a DNA molecule unzips
to form two strands, the base pairs
separate. Each single strand of DNA
then picks up bases present in the
cell’s cytoplasm. ‘
In this way, two complete
molecules of DNA are created.
Notice that each new DNA molecule
has the same order of base pairs as
the original.
Replication (DNA makes DNA)

The copying
process is
called
replication.
It is catalyzed
by a set of
enzymes.
DNA Replication Step
1. Initiation
For the replication to begin
there is a particular region
called the origin of replication.
This is the point where the
replication originates.
Replication begins with the
spotting of this origin followed Unzipping of DNA strands in their entire length
by the unwinding of the two is not feasible due to high energy input. Hence, first,
DNA strands. a replication fork is created catalysed by the helicase
enzyme, which unzips the DNA strand.
DNA Replication Step
1. Elongation
As the strands are separated ,
the DNA polymerase enzymes
start synthesizing the
complementary sequence in
each of the strands. The
parental strands will act as a
template for newly synthesizing
daughter strands.
DNA Replication Step
1. Elongation
It is to be noted that
elongation is
unidirectional i.e. DNA is
always polymerized only
in the 5′ to 3′ direction. 
Therefore, in one strand while on the other strand (the template
(the template 3‘→5‘) it is 5‘→3‘) it is discontinuous replication, hence
continuous, hence called called lagging strand. It causes a fragments
leading strand. called Okazaki fragments. The enzyme called
DNA ligase joins them later.
DNA REPLICATION PROCESS
DNA Replication Step
1. Termination

Termination of
replication happens
when the two
replication forks
between the two
terminals meet each
other.
Summary of event (DNA Replication)
Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication

DNA replication is a highly


enzyme-dependent process. There
are many enzymes involved in
DNA replication, which includes
the enzymes, DNA-dependent DNA
polymerase, helicase, ligase, etc. 
Among them, DNA-dependent
DNA polymerase is the main
enzyme.
Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication

 DNA-dependent DNA polymerase


It helps in the polymerisation,
catalyses and regularises the whole
process of DNA replication with the
support of other enzymes.
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are
the substrate as well as the energy
provider for the replication process.
DNA polymerase is of three types:
Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication

 DNA-dependent DNA polymerase


* DNA Polymerase I > It is a DNA repair
enzyme.

* DNA Polymerase II >It is responsible for


primer extension and proofreading.

* DNA Polymerase III >It is responsible for


in vivo DNA replication.
Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication

 Helicase
is the enzyme, which unzips the DNA strands by breaking the
hydrogen bonds between them. Thus, it helps in the formation of
the replication fork.
 Ligase
is the enzyme which joins together the
Okazaki fragments of the discontinuous DNA
strands.
 Primase
helps in the synthesis of RNA primer complementary to the DNA
template strand.
Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication

 Single-stranded Binding Proteins


It binds to single-stranded DNA and protects it
from forming secondary structures.
DNA Replication

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNK
WgcFPHqw
REFERENCES

 https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/word-dna.html
 https://
ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-
dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html

 https://byjus.com/biology/dna-replication-machinery-enzymes/

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