CHAPTER FOUR

SUPER STRUCTURE
DESIGN OF BRIDGE

03/25/2023 Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A.

 OUTLINE

 Concrete Deck Design

 T-Girder Design
 Box Girder Design
 Overhang Design
 Walkway and Handrail

Bekalu G.
Fundamental of Bridge Design Fundamental of bridge
Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 4.1 SLAB DESIGN
 Deck/Slab bridges are most commonly used to
short spans up to 12m. The load carrying
mechanism is by plate action, i.e., by bending
and twisting .
 According to AASHTO 4.6.2 slab bridge can be

analyzed by
1. Approximate strip method
2. Empirical method
3. Refined method
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
Fig:-Load carrying mechanism of slab bridge treated as a
plate

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

Approximate Equivalent Strip Method
 AASHTO specifications allow ,To simplify the design,
concrete deck is assumed to be divided into edge and
interior strip perpendicular to supporting abutment.

 Empirical Design is a method of deck slab design based on

Laboratory test data on the concept of internal arching
action(not flexure and shear ) within concrete slabs.
 Refined(finite element ) analysis method would be better

suited for a more complex deck slab structure.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Thickness of Slab
 The deck slab may be designed as One-Way Slab with main
reinforcement parallel to the traffic .
Depth Determination:
 According to AASHTO, Table 2.5.2.6.3.1, minimum
recommended depth for the purpose of deflection control slab
with main reinforcement parallel to the traffic.

 According to ERA Bridge Design Manual 2013, article 5.4.1.1, the

depth of a concrete deck, excluding any provision for grinding,
grooving, and sacrificial surface, should not be less than 185 mm.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
Table 2.5.2.6.3.1- Traditional Minimum Depth of Superstructure

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Live Load Distribution Strip Width
 In approximate method of analysis Slab width divided in to
edge and interior strip perpendicular direction to abutment.
 According to AASHTO sec. 4.6.2.3, the equivalent width (E)
of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with
one lane, i.e., two lines of wheels, loaded shall be determined
as

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Cont.…

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Cont.…

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 Cont.…
 Edge Strip is limited to half lane width; use multiple presence
factors 1.2 and half design lane load (for a two lane bridge,
because the possibility of occurrence of two trucks at a time is
less). AASHTO[Art. 4.6.2.1.4]

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

Equivalent Concentrated & Distributed Loads

 The equivalent concentrated and distributed loads per meter

width of both interior and edge strips are obtained by dividing
the design loads to the corresponding strip width and applying a
dynamic impact factor. For the calculation of live load force
effects, influence line is used and the maximum effect will be
selected for the design.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Design Moment
 The design moment is computed by combining the
effects of dead loads and live loads and applying the
corresponding load combinations and load factors
specified in AASHTO, Table 3.4.1.1.
 For deck design only strength I load combinations
needs to be investigated:
ΦMn >η∑γiQi
MUR = η [1.25 MDC +1.5MDW +1.75 (M(LL + IM)+MLa ]
 Resistance factors for strength limit state Φ :0.90 for
flexure and tension of reinforced concrete.
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Live Load Moment
 The maximum Live Load Moments for both interior and edge
strips can be computed using influence line concepts and the
influence line coefficients (maximum ordinates)

IL for maximum
moment & shear
due to lane load

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 Cont.…

IL for maximum shear force due to truck and tandem loads

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 Cont.…

Fig. IL for maximum bending moment due to truck and tandem loads

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 Cont.…
 The maximum live load moments for both interior and edge
strips can be computed using influence line concepts and the
influence line coefficients (maximum ordinates).

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 Cont.…
 The exterior design moment is taking by considering
the maximum effects due to live and dead load
moments.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Flexural Design
 Limits for reinforcement [Art 5.7.3.3] Maximum
reinforcement is such that, x/d≤0.42, if x>0.42d section will be
over reinforced.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
 Horizontal force equilibrium, C=T
0.85f’cβ1xb=Asfy
0.85f’cab=Asfy
a = Asfy /0.85fc’b
a = ρfyd/0.85f’c---------------For single reinforced section
Moment Resistance
Mn = T(d-a/2) = Asfy (d-a/2)
MR = ϕMn

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 Cont.…

 MR= ϕ[Asfy (d-a/2)] …..then substitute “a”

MR=ϕMn= ϕAsfyd (1-0.588pfy/f’c) then equate with
Mu
 The required reinforcing steel ratio , will be
calculated as;

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Shear Resistance
 Shear Resistance of Deck/Slab Section, According
(AASHTO Article 5.14.4.1) .Vn

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Minimum Concrete Cover
 According to AASHTO 5.12.3.1 Minimum
cover is specified so that there is enough
concrete to cover the steel and prevent the steel
from corrosion.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Table 4.12.3.1- Concrete Cover

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 Spacing Between Bars
Table-Minimum Spacing Bars for CIP AASHTO 5.10.3

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement

 As indicated in AASHTO, Section 5.10.8.2,

reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature shall be
provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes.
 The specified amount of the steel should be distributed
equally on both sides at top parallel and transverse to
traffic direction:-As

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Distribution Reinforcement
 According to AASHTO, article 5.14.4.1, the amount of bottom
transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage of the
main reinforcement required for positive moment.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Limit State
 During Bridge Design all limit state should verify in
LRFD
1. Service Limit States :
 concrete crack can be controlled by distributing steel
reinforcements and by limiting allowable Deflection on
member.
A) Limiting of Deflections (AASHTO 2.5.2.6.2)
 Vehicular load, general………………………..…L/800
 Vehicular and/or pedestrian load…………...…….L/1000
 Vehicular load on cantilever arm………………….L/300
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Limit State
B) Control of Cracking (AASHTO 9.14)
 The tensile stress in the reinforcement (f ) at
s
the service load doesn’t exceed fsa.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Live Load Deflection

 Design Truck –consider IM , m and number of vehicle

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 Cont.…

 Live load deflection should be taken as the larger of :

 25 percent of the design truck plus the design lane load
 100% design truck alone
 Design Tandem--- P=220kN

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 Cont.…
 Design Lane

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 Cont.…
2. Strength Limit States
 This state shall be taken to ensure that strength and stability, are
provided to resist the design load combinations that a bridge is
expected to experience in its design life. Moment ,shear ,torsion
and axial force resistance should be checked.
ΦRn ≥ ηΣ γiQi
3. Extreme Event Limit States
 Intended to ensure structural survival of a bridge during an
earthquake, vehicle collision, ice flow, or foundation scour .
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 Cont.…
4. Fatigue Limit States
 Used to limit stress in steel reinforcements to control
concrete crack growth under repetitive truck loading
and need not be investigated for concrete decks in
multi-girder and fatigue stress in straight
reinforcement is limited to:-

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
General Design Procedure to Slab Bridge

Step1: Determination of Depth

 Minimum recommended depth for slabs with main
reinforcement parallel to the traffic D = ,

S =c/c spacing of bridge

Step2: Determine Equivalent Strip Width (E)

a. Interior strip
b. Edge strip
Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Interior strip: may be one lane or multiple lanes are loaded

i. Single lane loaded: The equivalent width of longitudinal strips
per lane for both shear and moment with one lane, i.e., two lines
of wheels, loaded shall be determined as; E = 250 +0.42
ii. Multi lane loaded: The equivalent width of longitudinal strips
per lane for both shear and moment with more than one lane
loaded shall be determined as;
E = 2100 +0.12 ≤
Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

 Edge Strip: Longitudinal edge strip width for a line of

wheels

Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Step 3: Draw Influence Line For Shear Force

& Bending Moment
 IL for shear force (truck load)
 IL for shear force (tandem load)
 IL for shear force (lane load)
 IL for bending moment (truck load)
 IL for bending moment (tandem load)
 IL for bending moment (lane load)
Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Step 4: Calculate Dead Load:

 These includes:- deck load, load from railing, post and curbs,
barrier
 Calculate load from wearing surface
 Determine max. shear and bending moment from DC & DW
Step 5: Select Load Modifiers:
 For strength limit state:
 Ductility
 Redundancy
 Importance
Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Step 6: Select Applicable Load Combination:

 For strength limit state
U = 1.05[1.25DC + 1.5DW + 1.75(LL+IM) +1(FR+TG)]
U = 1.05[1.25DC + 1.5DW + 1.75(LL+IM)]
Step 7: Calculation of Reinforcement
 Flexural reinforcement for interior strip
 Flexural reinforcement for edge strip
 Shear reinforcement: slab bridge design according to
AASHTO, consider satisfactory for shear.
Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

 Distribution reinforcement: The amount of the bottom

transverse reinforcement may be taken as a
percentage of the main reinforcement required for a
positive moment and a minimum spacing of 250mm.
 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 EXAMPLES
ON
DESIGN OF SLAB BRIDGE

03/25/2023 Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A.

 SLAB BRIDGE - DESIGN EXAMPLE

Example 1:
 Design the superstructure of 10m two lane
rural area slab bridge for the following
preliminary dimension and material
properties

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Preliminary Dimensions
 Clear span of the bridge () =10m
 Road way width () =7.32m
 Curb width () =0.8m
 Curb Depth () =0.25m
 Abutment width =0.4m
 Concrete railing depth =0.3

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Preliminary Dimensions
 Railing width =0.15m
 Concrete post depth =0.3m
 Concrete post width =0.3m
 Concrete post height =0.85m
 Concrete post spacing =2.32m
 Thickness of asphalt layers =75mm
 Reinforcement
 Diameter of main reinforcement - 32mm
 Diameter of distribution reinforcement - 16mm
 Diameter of shrinkage & temperature reinforcement -12mm
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 SOLUTION
Step1: Determination of Depth
 Minimum recommended depth for slabs with
main reinforcement parallel to the traffic

, Where;

=10400 mm
D=
Consider overall depth of slab = 540 mm
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Step2: Determine Equivalent Strip Width (E)

a. Interior Strip Width

For Multi lane loaded


Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

----------------OK!
Use
b. Edge Strip Width:
Longitudinal edge strip width for a line of wheels

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

Use

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Step 3: Draw Influence Line For Shear Force & Bending
Moment
 Interior Strip
a. Calculate equivalent concentrated & distributed load at interior strip

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 Cont.…

b. Influence line for shear force

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 Cont.…

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 Cont.…

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 Cont.…

c. Influence line for bending moment

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 Cont.…

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 Cont.…

Edge Strip
 Consider half of lane width and take multiple presence

factor of 1.2 for single lane loaded. We can calculate the

factor that helps to change responses from interior strip
to edge strip.

 We can also consider pedestrians load

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 Cont.…

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

Step 4: Calculate Dead Load:

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 Cont.…

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 Cont.…

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 Step 5: Select Load Modifiers:

a. Dynamic load allowance factor (IMF)

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 Step 6: Select Applicable Load Combination:

 Calculate moment and shear force at different locations

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 Cont.…

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 Cont.…

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 Cont.…

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 Step 7: Check The Adequacy of The Section

 The section is checked for the maximum design

moment to compare with the initial depth.

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Step 8: Calculation of Reinforcement

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Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

d. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature shall be
provided near surface of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes. The steel shall be distributed equally
on both sides.
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

Step 10:Sketch Reinforcement Detailing

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 4.2 T-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN

Bekalu
Fundamental of G.
Bridge Design Fundamental
Yesuf of
A.bridge 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
 T- Girders are used for bridges spanning from about 10-25m.
 Usually consist of equally spaced beams (generally with
spacing of 1.8-3.6m)
 The slab is structurally continuous across the top
 The slab serves dual purpose of supporting the live load on the
bridge and acting as the top flange of the longitudinal beams.
 Diaphragms are provided transversely between the beams
over the supports and depending on the span, at mid span and
other intermediate locations

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
 The purpose of providing diaphragm is to ensure
lateral distribution of live loads to various adjacent
stringers.
 Design of T- girder bridges consists of deck slab
analysis and design, and the T-girder analysis and
design.
 The width of equivalent interior transverse strip over
which the wheel loads can be considered
 Overhang - 11401- 0.83lX
 Positive moment - 660+0.55S
 Negative moment - 1220+0.25S
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
Where:
X - is the distance from the wheel load to centerline of
support
S - Is the spacing of' the T-beams

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 General Design Procedure To T-Girder
Bridge

Step-1: Fixing Preliminary Dimensions

A. Depth of Girder: For simple span T-Girder bridge
D = 0.07L, Where L =l + +
B. Spacing Between Longitudinal Girders (S)
 Spacing (s) varies from 1.8 to 3.6m
C. Width of Web
 Minimum thickness of web is 200mm for bridge
without prestressing according to ASHTO Art
5.1.4.1.3.k
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 Cont.…

D. Slab Thickness For Continuous Slab Bridge

 Fix thickness of slab by considering number of span and
support condition

E. Diaphragm (Cross Beam)

 For T-girder Bridge, diaphragm (x-beam) should be provided at
the end and at least one diaphragm at mid span.
F. Fix exact dimension of railing, barrier & others
G. Vertical post and spacing of post

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Step-2: Deck Design

2.1. Calculate self-weight of deck system (Dead load)

a. weight of wearing surface
b. weight of deck
c. weight of vertical post, railing, barrier
d. weight of overhang slab
e. weight of barrier wall ( curb)
f. Calculate dead load moment and reactions

2.2. Live load

a. Maximum positive live load moment:
 For repeating equal span, the maximum positive bending moment
occurs near the 0.4S of the first exterior span
E = 660 +0.55*S
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

b. Maximum interior negative live load moment:

 The critical placement of live load to maximum negative
moment is at the first interior deck support with one lane loaded
E = 1220 +0.25*S
c. Maximum live load reaction on exterior girder:
 To get the maximum reaction, the exterior wheel is placed at
300mm from curb; E = 660 + 0.55*S
 Moments and reaction are determined using cross moment
distribution or other structural analysis method.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

2.3. Load Combination

Response = ʼn[1.25DL + 1.5 DW + 1.75*1.33LL]
2.4. Provision of reinforcement
 Positive moment reinforcement of slab
 Negative moment reinforcement

 Distribution reinforcement
 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement …….

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Step-3: Girder Design

3.1. Dead Load Transfer To Girder

a. Weight on exterior girder
 Weight from curb
 Weight from wearing surface
 Weight from post and railing
 Weight from RC slab
 Weight from girder
 Dead load of cross beam
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

b. Weight on interior girder

 Weight from wearing surface

 Weight from RC slab

 Weight from girder
 Dead load of cross beam
c. Response calculation for dead load
 Shear and moment for dead load (exterior girder)

 Shear and moment for dead load (interior girder)

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
3.2. Live Load Force Effects
a. Design Truck, design Tandem and design lane load are
considered to determine shear force and bending moment
b. Determine distribution factor (DF) for moment and shear
i. For moment
 DF for interior beam
 DF for exterior beam

ii. For shear force

 DF for interior beam
 DF for exterior beam

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

3.3. Seismic Force Effects

3.4. Select Resistance Factors
3.5. Select Resistance Factors
3.6. Select Load Modifier
3.7. Select Applicable Load Combinations
3.8. Design Shear and Moment Computations
3.9 Checking the adequacy of the section
3.10. Reinforcement

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 DESIGN EXAMPLES

03/25/2023 Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A.

DESIGN OF T-GIRDER BRIDGE

03/25/2023 Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A.

 RC GIRDER BRIDGE
 Design super structure of T-Girder bridge using
the following preliminary dimension and
materials properties. The superstructure
consists of 18.42 m center to center span
T-Girders bridge.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Preliminary Dimensions
 Road width (Rw) = 9.52m
 Number of girder = 4
 Thickness of bituminous asphalt (wearing surface)
=75mm
 Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3
 Curb thickness = 250mm
 Cover for reinforcement on deck =25mm
 Concrete cover for girder =50mm
 Concrete grade , f’c =28Mpa
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 Cont.…

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Preliminary Design Dimensions
A. Depth of girders [Table Art. 2.5.2.6.3.1-1]
For simple span T- girders bridge, D = 0.07L
where : L is c/c span length =18.42m
Dmin = 0.07 * 18.42 = 1.289m = 1289mm
Use D = 1.30m
B. Spacing between longitudinal girders,
Girder spacing (S): varies from 1.8 - 3.6m ,
Curb width (C): varies from 0.25S to 0.75S,
2C + 3S= 9.52,
Take C = 0.5S,
S + 3S = 9.52m, S = 2.38m: Use S = 2.35m
Then 2C +3*2.35 = 9.52m
Use C = 1.235m
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 Cont.…
C. Web width
 Minimum thickness = 200mm without pre-stressing
 But the width of the web has to satisfy the clear spacing between bars.
 The clear spacing between bars in a row should not be less than 1.5ɸ
or the maximum aggregate size.
 Minimum concrete cover = 50mm
 Taking ɸ32 bars and considering splice, 4 ɸ 32 bars in a row require a
beam width of bw > 3*1.5 ɸ + 6* ɸ + cover > 3 * 48 + 192 + 2 * 50
> 436mm.
Use

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
D. Slab thickness

 Take for structural thickness of the slab, and
 292mm at the middle to provide a side
slope(camber) for drainage.

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 Cont.…
E. Diaphragms
 For T-Girder bridges, diaphragms should be provided at the
ends and at one or more points at spans.
 The purpose is to help in load distribution between the girders.
Further, finite element analysis shows that there is stress
concentration at the supports due to the big support reactions.
 Diaphragms reduce the stress concentration.
 Use 0.4m thick, 1m deep diaphragms at the ends (at each
support) and at mid of girders
F. Posts and railings
 Pipe posts and railings will be provided at the top.

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 Cont.…

Deck Slab Design

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 Dead Load
 An approximate analysis of strips perpendicular to girder will be
considered [Art 9.6.1]
 The extreme positive moment in any deck panel between girders
shall be taken to apply to all positive moment regions. Similarly, the
extreme negative moment over any girder shall be taken to apply to
all negative moment regions [Art 4.6.2.1.1]
 The strips shall be treated as continuous with span length equal to
C/C distance of the girders. 1m strip width will be taken for analysis

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

 75mm future asphalt wearing surface = 0.075m* 22.5 kN/m3 =

1.688 kN/m2
 RC slab (deck) = (0.2m + 0.292)/2* 25 kN/m3

= 6.15 kN/m2
 Overhang slab =0.2m * 25 kN/m3 = 5 k N/m2
 Curb (250mm above slab) = 0.25m * 25 kN/m3 = 6.25
kN/m2
 Take weight of posts and railings = 5kN/m
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Using Cross Moment Distribution

Fixed End Moment (FEM)


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 Cont.…

Calculation of Stiffness

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 Cont.…
 Distribution Factor (DF)

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Analysis All The Loads Using Cross Moment
Distribution
A B C D
Member
AA' AB BA BC CB CD DC DD'
Stiffness   0.75 1 0.75  
DF 0 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1 0
FEM -14.08 3.607113 -3.61 3.61 -3.61 3.61 -3.60711 14.08
Dist 10.47         -10.47  
COF 5.24     -5.24  
Dist -2.24 -2.99 2.99 2.24  
COF   1.50 -1.50    
Dist -0.64 -0.85 0.85 0.64  
COF   0.43 -0.43    
Dist -0.18 -0.24 0.24 0.18  
COF   0.12 -0.12    
Dist -0.05 -0.07 0.07 0.05  
COF   0.03 -0.03    
Dist -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.01  

COF   0.01 -0.01    

Dist 0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.00  
COF   0.00 0.00    
Final moment -14.08 14.08 -1.51 1.51 -1.51 1.51 -14.08 14.08
 Cont.…
 Reactions & moments at sections of maximum positive
and negative live load moments

Ra1 =P+W2*C = 5+11.25*1.235 = 18.89kN

Ra2 = (14.08+7.84 * - 1.51) = 14.55kN
Rb1 = S*W1-Ra2 = 2.35*7.84 - 14.55 = 3.87kN
Rb2 = * W1*s = * 7.84 * 2.35 = 9.21kN

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Live Loads
A. Maximum positive live load moment
 For repeating equal spans, the maximum positive

bending moment occurs near the 0.4 points of the

exterior spans.
 E = 660+0.55S = 660 + 0.55 * 2350 = 1952.5mm

[Table Art. 4.6.2.1.3-1]

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
 Fixed End Moment (FEM)
 FEMaa'= 0.00 
P =72.5
 FEMab= 24.534  S=2.35
 FEMba= -16.36  a1 = 0.4S =0.94
 FEMbc= 19.67  b1 =S-a1=1.41
 FEMcb= -3.91  a2 =1.8-b1= 0.39
b2= S-a2= 1.96
 FEMcd= 0
 FEMdc= 0 
 FEMdd'= 0
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
A B C D
Member
AA' AB BA BC CB CD DC DD'
Stiffness   0.75 1 0.75  
DF 0 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1 0
FEM 0.00 24.53 -16.36 19.67 -3.91 0.00 0 0.00
Dist -24.53 -1.42 -1.89 2.24 1.68 0.00  
COF -12.27 1.12 -0.95 0.00  
Dist 4.78 6.37 0.54 0.41  
COF   0.27 3.19    
Dist -0.12 -0.15 -1.82 -1.37  
COF   -0.91 -0.08    
Dist 0.39 0.52 0.04 0.03  
COF   0.02 0.26    
Dist -0.01 -0.01 -0.15 -0.11  
COF   -0.07 -0.01    
Dist 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00  
COF   0.00 0.02    
Dist 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01  
COF   -0.01 0.00    
Final moment 0.00 0.00 -24.97 24.96 -0.63 0.63 0.00 0.00
 Cont.…
 Reactions and moments at sections of maximum
positive live load moments
 Rb1= = = 39.61kN
 Ra1 = 72.5 - Rb1= 72.5-39.61 = 32.89kN
 Rb2 = (Mb - Mc + 72.5*s-a2) = (24.94-0.63 + 72.5*1.96) = 70.82kN
 Rb = Rb1+Rb2 = 39.61+70.82 = 110.43kN
 MmaxP = Ra*0.4S = 32.89*0.94 = 30.92kN-m
 MmaxP = =19.0kN-m
 Rb = = 67.85kN
 Cont.…
B. Maximum interior negative live load moment
 The critical placement of live load for maximum
negative moment is at the first interior deck support
with one lane loaded (m = 1.2).
 The width of the equivalent transverse strip is,
E = 1220 + 0.25s = 1220+0.25(2350) = 1807.5mm
 Cont.…
A B C D
Member
AA' AB BA BC CB CD DC DD'
Stiffness   0 0 0  
DF 0 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1 0
FEM 0.00 15.41897 -24.84 24.84 -15.42 0.00 0 0.00
Dist -15.42 0.00 0.00 8.81 6.61 0.00  
COF -7.71 4.41 0.00 0.00  
Dist 1.42 1.89 0.00 0.00  
COF   0.00 0.94    
Dist 0.00 0.00 -0.54 -0.40  
COF   -0.27 0.00    
Dist 0.12 0.15 0.00 0.00  
COF   0.00 0.08    
Dist 0.00 0.00 -0.04 -0.03  
COF   -0.02 0.00    
Dist 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00  
COF   0.00 0.01    
Dist 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00  
COF   0.00 0.00    
Final moment 0.00 0.00 -31.01 31.01 -6.17 6.17 0.00 0.00
 Cont.…
Reactions and moments at sections of maximum
positive live load moments
Rb1 = = = 57.93kN
Ra1 = 72.5-Rb1 = 72.5-57.93 = 14.57kN
Rb2 = Rb1
Rb = Rb1 +Rb2 = 2* 57.93 = 115.86kN
Rb = = = 76.9kN

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
Mmax N = = = = 20.58kN-m
Mface = Mb-Rb2*0.225 = 31.01-57.93*0.225 = 17.98kN,
b/2 =450/2 = 225mm = 0.225m
Mface = = = 11.93kN-m

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

C. Maximum live load reaction on exterior girder

 The exterior wheel is placed 300mm from curb.
E = 660 + 0.55*2350 = 1952.25mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
Load and Dimension
Fixed End Moment (FEM)
S=2.35
FEMaa'= 0.00 FEMab= 18.27
a1=0.3
FEMba= -16.90 FEMbc= 0.00
a2= 1.8
FEMcb= 0.00 FEMcd= 0.00
a3= S-(a1+a2) = 0.25
FEMdc= 0 FEMdd'= 0.00
b1=a2+a3= 2.05
P = 72.5
B2 =a1+a2= 2.1

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
A B C D
Member
AA' AB BA BC CB CD DC DD'
Stiffness   0 0 0  
DF 0 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1 0
FEM 0.00 18.27433 -16.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Dist -18.27 7.24 9.65 0.00 0.00 0.00  
COF -9.14 0.00 4.83 0.00  
Dist 3.92 5.22 -2.76 -2.07  
COF   -1.38 2.61    
Dist 0.59 0.79 -1.49 -1.12  
COF   -0.75 0.39    
Dist 0.32 0.43 -0.23 -0.17  
COF   -0.11 0.21    
Dist 0.05 0.06 -0.12 -0.09  
COF   -0.06 0.03    
Dist 0.03 0.03 -0.02 -0.01  
COF   -0.01 0.02    
Dist 0.00 0.01 -0.01 -0.01  
COF   0.00 0.00    
Final moment 0.00 0.00 -13.89 13.88 3.47 -3.47 0.00 0.00
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

 Reactions and moments at sections of maximum

positive live load moments
 Ra = = 65.04kN

 Ra = = 33.32kN

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Response Due To Dead & Live Load

Action Due to Dead Load Due to Live Load

Reaction on exterior girder (Ra) Ra1+Ra2 = 33.44kN 33.32kN

Negative moment on exterior

-14.08kN-m 0
girder (Ma)

Reaction on interior girder (Rb) Rb1+Rb2 =13.08kN 76.9kN

Negative moment on interior

-0.1kN-m 11.93kN-m
girder (Mbface)

Maximum span moment (M0.4S) -3.87kN-m 19kN-m

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 LOAD COMBINATION

 Gravity Load Combination

Ud = ɳ∑riQi = ɳ (rp1DC + rp2DW + rll (LL + IM)
take load factor: rp1 = 1.25, rp2 = 1.50 rll = 1.75
load modification factor, ɳ = ɳDɳR ɳ I ≥ 0.95
Where:
 ɳD = 0.95 ductility factor
 ɳR = 0.95 continuity factor for continuous span
 ɳI = 1.05 importunacy factor for operationally important bridge

ɳ = 0.95 * 0.95 * 1.05 = 0.95 ≥ 0.95------ ok

Use ɳ = 0.95

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
 Reactions and maximum moments for strength I
limit state
Ud = ɳ∑riQi = ɳ (rp1DC + rp2DW +rll(LL + IM)
Ra = 0.95[1.25*33.44 + 1.75*(1.33*33.32)] = 113.38kN
Rb = 0.95[1.25*13.08 + 1.75*(1.33*76.9)] = 185.57kN
Ma = 0.95[1.25*(-14.08) + 1.75*(1.33*0)] = -16.72kN-m
Mb = 0.95[1.25*(-0.1) + 1.75*(1.33*11.93)] = 26.26kN-m
M0.4S = 0.95[1.25*(-3.87) + 1.75*(1.33*19) = 37.42kN-m

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Reinforcement Provision

Strength I limit State [Reinforcement]

a. Positive moment reinforcement
b. Negative moment reinforcement
c. Distribution reinforcement
 The amount of distribution reinforcement at the
bottom of the slab to distribute the loads may be
taken as a percentage of the primary reinforcement
and a minimum spacing of 250mm.
Pe = min[ 67, ]

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

d. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

 Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes. For members greater than 150 mm in
thickness, the steel should be distributed equally on both
sides.
Ast = 0.75 Where: Ag – gross concrete area

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
A. Positive moment reinforcement
Effective depth (d) = D - - cover
d = 200 - - 25 = 167mm; Maximum positive moment (Mu) = 37.42kN-m
ρ = {1-} = {1-} = 0.00386
= = = 0.0018; ρ = 0.00386 > 0.0018 ---- ok
As = ρbd = 0.00386*1000* 167 = 643.9mm2
Spacing = = 312mm = 310mm
S = min Use s= 300mm
Provide = c/c 300mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

B. Negative moment reinforcement

Maximum negative moment (Mu) = 26.26kN-m
ρ = {1-} = {1-} = 0.0026
As = ρbd = 0.0026 *1000* 167 = 462mm2
Spacing = = 462mm = 460mm
S = min Use s= 300mm
Provide = c/c 300mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

C. Distribution reinforcement
Pe = min[ 67, ]
Where:
Pe – percentage of distribution reinforcement
Se – clear spacing of girders = S – bmin = 2350 -450 = 1900mm
Pe = min[ 67, ] =min [67, 88.09 ] = 67%

As = Pe*As = 0.67* 643.9mm2 = 431.4mm2

S = min Use =250mm

Provide = c/c 250mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
D. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided
near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes. For members
greater than 150 mm in thickness, the steel should be distributed equally on both
sides.
Ast = 0.75 Where: Ag – gross concrete area
Ast = 0.75 = 375mm2
Top layer = ½ *Ast = 187.5mm2
Spacing = Use S= 450m
Provide = c/c 450mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Service Limit State

 Service I limit state

a. Durability
b. Control of cracking
c. Deflection

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Dead Load on Girder
 Dead Load
 Interior girder
• Weight of wearing surface , weight of deck
system, self weight of girder & weight of cross-
beam (diaphragm)

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
 Exterior girder
• Wight of overhang slab, weight of curb, weight of wearing
surface, weight of deck system, self weight of girder and weight
of x-beam (diaphragm)
 Live Load
 Design truck
 Design tandem
 Design lane load

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Exterior Girder

 Wight of overhang slab = 0.2*1.235*25 = 6.18kN/m

 Weight of curb = 0.25*1.235*25 = 7.72kN/m
 Weight of wearing surface = 0.075 *1.175*22.5 = 1.98kN/m
 Weight of deck system = 0.2*1.175*25 = 5.88kN/m
 Weight of girder = (1.3-0.2)*0.45*25 = 12.38kN/m
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Weight of posts and railing = 5kN/m

Total distributed load on girder = 6.18+7.72+1.98+5.88+12.38+5

= 39.14kN/m

Weight of x-beam = (0.9-0.2)*0.3*(1.175-0.225)*25 = 4.99kN

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
Dead load shear force and bending moment functions

  V(x) = 39.14x - 362.86

0 < x < 9.21m M(x) = -19.56x2 + 362.86x

9.21 ≤ x < V(x) = 39.14x - 357.86

18.42m
M(x) = -19.56x2 + 357.86x + 45.95
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Interior Girder

 Weight of wearing surface = 0.075 *2.35*22.5 = 3.97kN/m

 Weight of deck system = 0.2*2.35*25 = 11.75kN/m
 Weight of girder = (1.3-0.2)*0.45*25 = 12.38kN/m
 Total distributed load on girder=3.97+11.75+12.38 = 28.10kN/m
 Weight of x-beam = (0.9-0.2)*0.3*(2.35-0.45) = 9.98kN
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

 Dead load shear force & bending moment functions

  V(x) = -28.1x + 263.79

0 < x < 9.21m M(x) = -14.05x2 + 263.79x

9.21 ≤ x < 18.42m V(x) = -28.1x + 253.81

Fundamental of Bridge Design M(x) = -14.05x
Yesuf A. + 253.81x + 91.92
2
03/25/2023
 Live Load on Girder
1. IL for live load moment ( Design Truck
Load)
 x-is the position of the rear wheel
R = 145 + 145 +35 = 325kN
∑MA = 0, Rx = 4.3*145 +8.6*145 ; x = 5.755m
L1 = + = = + = 8.48m ;
L2 = L- L1 = 18.42 -8.48 =9.94m

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

Using similarity of triangles,

O1 =4.58; O2 = 2.6; O3 = 0.62

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
Or
Mtr= 145(O1 + O2) + 35*O2
O1= ,
O2= O1=
O2= O1 =
Mtr= 145( + ) + 35(

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
2. IL For Live Load Moment ( Design Tandem Load)
 To get maximum moment due to tandem load, we can
locate tandem load around midpoint of the bridge

O1 = = 4.6; O2 = 4

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
O1 = = 4.6; O2 = 4
Mtm = 110( O1 + O2 ) = 110 (4.6 + 4) = 946kN-m
Or, O1= , O2= O1 =
Mtm= 110(O1 + O2) = 110{ +
Truck load govern the design moment!!!

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
3. Influence Line for Shear Force (Design Truck Load)
At x=0 m, the shear force due to truck load,

Using similarity of triangle , O2 = 0.767 ; O3 = 0.533

Vtr= 145(1+0.767) 35 * 0.533 = 274.87kN
O1 = ; O2 = ; O2 =
Vtr= 145(O1 +O2) + 35*O3
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
4. Influence Line for Shear Force (Design Tandem Load)
At x=0 m, the shear force due to tandem load,

Using similarity of triangle, O2 = 0.935

Vtm= 110 (1+0.935) = 212.83kN
O1 = ; O2 =
Vtm = 110 (O1 + O2)
Truck load govern the design shear force!!!
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Distribution Factors For Moment

I. DF For Interior Beam

For cast in place concrete T-beam

DFinterior= 0.075 +
Take =1

DFinterior = 0.075 + = 0.66

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Distribution Factors For Moment

II. DF For Exterior Beam

DFexterior= e * DFinterior

e = 0.77+ , take =0

e = 0.77

DFexterior= 0.77 * 0.663 = 0.51

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Distribution Factors For Shear Force

i. DF for interior beam

DFinterior = 0.2 + - = 0.2 + - = 0.80
ii. DF for exterior beam
DFexterior= 0.8* DFinterior= 0.8* 0.805 = 0.64

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Distribution Factors For Shear Force

Seismic Force Effects

 From EBCS-8, the site and acceleration coefficients are
selected for the particular site condition
 The seismic horizontal force is,
FH = Wb*a*A
where:
Wb = is the total weight of the bridge
For zone -4; a = site coefficient ; a = 1 for soil profile I
A = acceleration coefficient = 0.07 to 0.1 ….. take A = 0.1

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Seismic Force Effects

  Weight of Components Wt. (KN)

1 Slab =7.05* 18.42 * * 25 = 798.64

2 Wearing surface =7.05**18.42 * 0.075 *22.5 = 219.14

3 Overhang slab and curbs = 1.235*18.42*(0.2+0.25)*25 = 255.92

4 Railing and posts =5 *18.42 = 92.1

5 Girders (internal & external) =4*(0.45*18.42*1.1*25) = 911.79

6 Diaphragm (x-beam) =9*(0.7*0.3*1.9*25) = 89.78

  Total weight, Wb = 2367.38

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Thus, FH =2367.38* 1* 0.1 = 236.74kN

Earth quake force transferred to one support is FH= ½ * 236.74=
118.37kN. This force is applied at the bearings in the horizontal
direction.
Total dead load reaction transferred at one support (abutment) is =
1/2Wb = ½* 2367.38 = 1184.19kN.
Take the coefficient of friction between the bearing and concrete
beam seat at abutment, μ is: μ=0.5
The frictional resistance force developed between the interface is =
μ* dead load reaction = 0.5*1184.19 = 592.10kN
Frictional resistance = 592.10kN > Seismic force=118.37kN-- ok!
Earth quake force is negligible!
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Select Resistance Factors & Load Modifier

Select Resistance Factors

Consider for Strength Limit States

For Flexure & Torsion Resistance Factor is = 0.9

Select Load Modification factor (ɳ)

Strength Limit State

ɳ= ɳDɳR ɳ I ≥ 0.95

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

ɳD= 0.95 ductility factor

ɳR= 0.95 continuity factor for continuous span

ɳI= 1.05,importunacy factor for operationally important bridge

ɳ= 0.95 * 0.95* 1.05 = 0.95≥ 0.95 ok!

Use ɳ = 1.05

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Load Combination

Select Applicable Load Combinations

Strength Limit State
U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)
It is necessary to calculate moment and shear force at
different locations
Design Shear and Moment Computations
Distribution factors for moments and shear forces, DF is
applied only on live load forces.
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Interior Girder

I. Shear Force
Vd= ɳ[1.25VDL + DF * 1.75{[1.33*max(Vtr, Vtm) + Vln}]

x Vdc Vtr Vtm Vln Vd

0 263.79 274.81 212.83 85.65 1009.42
1.84 212.09 241.08 190.86 69.40 851.71

3.68 160.38 208.76 168.88 54.85 699.27

5.52 108.68 176.43 146.91 42.01 549.34
7.36 56.97 144.11 124.93 30.88 401.92

9.2 5.27 111.78 102.95 21.46 257.01

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
II. Bending Moment
Md= ɳ[1.25MDC + DF * 1.75{[1.33*max(Mtr, Mtm) + Mln}]
x Mdc Mtr Mtm Mln Md
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.84 437.81 445.92 351.18 141.86 1465.90
3.68 780.48 772.36 621.48 252.23 2576.05
5.52 1028.01 979.34 810.92 331.12 3330.45
7.36 1180.41 1066.84 919.48 378.52 3729.11
9.2 1237.78 1034.88 947.17 394.43 3772.14
11 1181.55 883.44 893.99 378.86 3452.21

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Exterior Girder

I. Shear Force
Vd= ɳ[1.25VDC + DF * 1.75{1.33*max(Vtr, Vtm) + Vln}]

x Vdc Vtr Vtm Vln Vd

0 362.86 274.81 212.83 85.65 1006.81
1.84 290.84 241.08 190.86 69.40 840.41
3.68 218.82 208.76 168.88 54.85 678.22
5.52 146.81 176.43 146.91 42.01 518.04
7.36 74.79 144.11 124.93 30.88 359.87
9.2 2.77 111.78 102.95 21.46 203.71
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
II. Bending Moment
Md= ɳ[1.25MDC + DF * 1.75{1.33*max(Mtr, Mtm) + Mln}]
x Mdc Mtr Mtm Mln Md
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.84 601.44 445.92 351.18 141.86 1680.67
3.68 1070.44 772.36 621.48 252.23 2956.62
5.52 1406.99 979.34 810.92 331.12 3827.86
7.36 1611.09 1066.84 919.48 378.52 4294.37
9.2 1682.70 1034.88 947.17 394.43 4356.11
11 1612.72 883.44 893.99 378.86 4018.12
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Checking The Adequacy of The Section
 The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether
the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not
Interior Girder, Md= 3412.89kN-m; d=
bi= min bi = 2350mm
be - = min
be - = 1235=be = 1235 + = 2410mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

dmin= = = 480.71mm
dprovided= D – - cover = 1300 – - 50 = 1234mm
dprovided = 1234mm >dmin = 480.71mm -------------ok!
Exterior Girder, Md= 3941.24kN-m
dmin= = = 510mm
dprovided= D – - cover = 1300 – - 50 = 1234mm
dprovided = 1234mm >dmin = 510mm -------------ok!

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Reinforcement Provision
I. Bending Moment
a. Interior girder
ρ = {1-}=
{1-}= 0.0026
As = ρbed = 0.0026 * 2350 * 1234 = 7539.74mm2
n = = = 9.37 ….. take 10 bars
Provide 10

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

b. Exterior girder
ρ = {1-}
= {1-} = 0.003
As = ρbed = 0.003 * 2410 * 1234 = 8921.82mm2

n = = =11.09 ……take 12 bars

Provide 12

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Reinforcement Provision For Shear

  = factor indicating ability of diagonal cracked concrete

to transmit tension as specified in Article 5.8.3.4
  = angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses
as determined in Article 5.8.3.4 (o)
  = angle of inclination of transvers reinforcement to
longitudinal axis (o)
 Av =area of shear reinforcement within a distance S
(mm2)
 Mc and Vu are the factored bending moment and shear
force at the section

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

Nominal shear stress in concrete (Vu) =

Tensile strain in the longitudinal reinforcement ()
= ≤ 0.001
Shear causes tension in the longitudinal reinforcement that must be
added to flexural tension force.
As fy ≥ + ()cot
If this equation is not satisfied either the tensile reinforcement As must
be increased or the stirrups must be placed closer together to increase
Vs. Vu is shear envelop for strength I limit state which will be taken with
Mc.
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

a. Interior girder Take dv= 1205.24mm

Step 1: Determine Vu and Mc at Step 2: Calculate the shear
distance dv from the support, 1032 stress ratio
bars, As =8042mm2, bv = 450mm,
Take Vu = 1009.42kN
bi= 2350mm Vu = =
=== 57.52mm = 2.07
dv=max
= = 0.074

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Reinforcement Provision For Shear

Step 3: Estimate an initial value of  and calculate first

trial  = 34o

= ≤ 0.001; but cot34 = 1.483, Vu = 1009.42kN , Mc =

1022.4kN-m

= = 4.9*

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

Step 4: Use the calculated values of = 0.074 and = 4.9*

to determine  from Table 5.8.3.4.2-1 AASHTO 2005
and compare with the value estimated in step 3. If
different, recalculate and repeat step 4 until the
estimated value of  agrees with the value on the Table
5.8.3.4.2-1 AASHTO 2005
 =30.5o , Cot30.5o = 1.698

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
= Spacing of stirrups (S)
Take 10, for stirrups: Av =2*()
= 5.2*
= 157.08mm2
 =30.5o and  = 2.59
S≤ =
Vc = 0.083bvdv = 254.76mm =250mm
= 0.083*2.59*450 * S ≤ = = 317.92mm

1205.24* Vu = ≤ 0.1f’cbvdv
= 0.1*28*450*1205.24 = 1518.6kN-----
= 616.94kN
OK!
Vs = - Vc = - 616.94 S = 250mm ≤ 0.8dv = 0.8*1205.24 =
= 504.64kN 964.2mm----- OK!
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Check T in longitudinal reinforcement

T= ≥ + () Cot

+ () Cot30.5o

3216.8kN 2846.18kN------Ok

Provide 10 C/C 250mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
a. Exterior girder Step 2: Calculate the shear
Step 1: Determine Vu and Mc at stress ratio
distance dv from the support, 1032
Take Vu = 1006.81kN
bars, As =8042mm2, bv = 450mm,
be = 2410mm Vu= == 2.06

= = = = 0.074
= 56.08mm
dv=max

Take dv= 1205.96mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
Step 3: Estimate an initial value of  and calculate first trial  =
30o
= ≤ 0.001; but Cot30 = 1.732, Vu = 1006.81kN,
Mc = 1146.39kN-m
= = 5.6*

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
Step 4: Use the calculated values of = 0.074 and = 5.6*
to determine  from Table 5.8.3.4.2-1 AASHTO 2005
and compare with the value estimated in step 3. If
different, recalculate and repeat step 4 until the
estimated value of  agrees with the value on the Table
5.8.3.4.2-1 AASHTO 2005.
 =30.5o, Cot30.5o = 1.698

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
 =30.5o and  = 2.59 Vu = ≤ 0.1f’cbvdv
Vc = 0.083bvdv
= 0.1*28*450*1205.96 =
= 0.083*2.59*450 * 1205.96* =617.31kN
1518.51kN--- OK!
Vs = - Vc = - 617.31 = 501.37kN
Spacing of stirrups (S) S=250mm ≤ 0.8dv = 0.8*1205.96=
Take 1210, for stirrups: Av =2*() 964.8mm----- OK!
= 157.08mm2 Check T in longitudinal reinforcement
S≤ = = 256.57mm =250mm
T= ≥ + () Cot
S≤ = = 317.92mm
9650 + () Cot30.5o
3860.3kN 2954.94kN------Ok
Provide 10c/c250mm
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Reinforcement Provision

iii. Skin reinforcement

If the depth of side face of a member exceeds 900mm,
longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed
along both side faces of the member for a distance d/2 nearest the
flexural tension reinforcement.
Area of skin reinforcement, Ask ≥ 0.01(d – 750) mm2/m (on
each side face)
Depth of side face = D - tf = 1300 – 200 = 1100mm
1100mm > 900mm
Skin Reinforcement shall be provided!

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…
Ask ≥ 0.01( d- 750) mm2/m = 0.01( 1234- 750) mm2/m
= 484mm2/m
d= D-cover - = 1300 - 50 - = 1234mm
Spacing of bars, take, as = = 113.1mm2
Smax = min
Use Smax= 200mm
Provide 12 C/C200mm

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Reinforcement Detailing

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 INVESTIGATE SERVICE LIMIT STATE
Investigate service limit state
 Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection

loads, concrete creep and shrinkage.

 Immediate (Instantaneous) deflections may be computed taking the moment of

inertia as either the effective moment of inertia Ie, or the gross moment of inertia

Ig

 The long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage may be taken as the

immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor.

 (3 to 1.2) ≥1.6 if is calculated using Ie

 (4) ≥1.6 if is calculated using Ig

Where:
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
INVESTIGATE SERVICE LIMIT STATE
 Determine maximum moment due to dead load
 Check the section weather it is cracked or note
 Calculate neutral axis depth (x), Icr, Ie
Ie = Ig + (1- Icr
 Determine maximum dead deflection using the following
= if section is not cracked
= if section is cracked
 Check dead load deflection with the limiting one!
Camber = + long term deflection

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 4.3 BOX GIRDER BRIDGE
 Concrete box girder bridges are economical for spans of
above 25 to 45m.
 They can be reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete.
Longer span than 45m will have to be prestressed.
 They are similar to T-beams in configuration except the webs
of T-beams are all interconnected by a common flange
resulting in a cellular superstructure.
 The top slab, webs and bottom slab are built monolithically
to act as a unit, which means that full shear transfer must be
provided between all parts of the section.
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 General Procedure To Design Box
Girder Bridge
Step-1: Fix Typical Section
a. Deck thickness - Minimum recommended thickness of the
slab, to control deflection is tsmin =175 mm or ts =
b. Minimum thickness of the web,
bmin=200 mm without prestressing duct.
c. Girder Depth for simple span T- beams Dw= 0.06L,
where :(L=Cs+Wrs)
d. Girder Spacing
Numbers of girders, Ng =INT () +1
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Step-2: Deck Design

2.1 Weight of components
 Weight of top flange
 Weight wearing surface
 Weight of overhang Slab
 Weight of curb
 Weight of barriers

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

2.2 Dead load moments

 An approximate analysis of strips perpendicular to
girders will be considered.
 The strips shall be treated as continuous beams with
span length equal to the c/c distance between girders.
 The girders are assumed rigid.

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

2.3 Vehicular Live Load

When decks are designed using the approximate strip method (Art.
4.6.2.1) and the strips are transverse, they shall be designed for the
145 kN axle load (Art. 3.6.1.3.3). The design truck load shall be
positioned transversely to produce maximum force effects.
Maximum Positive Live Load Moment
 For repeating equal spans, the maximum positive bending
moment occurs near the 0.4 points of the first interior span.
The equivalent width of the strip over which the live load is
applied is: E = 660 +0.55Gs
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

Maximum Interior Negative live load moment

 The critical placement of live load for maximum negative moment is
at the first interior support. The width of equivalent transverse strip
is: E=1220+0.25*Gs
Maximum Live Load reaction on Exterior Girder
 The maximum live load reaction on the exterior girder is
obtained when the exterior wheel is placed 300mm from the
curb. The equivalent width of the strip over which the live load
applied is:
E = 660 +0.55Gs
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

2.4 Select Load Modifiers

 For Strength Limit State 1
 Ductility - 0.95 1.25 [Art. 1.3.3]

 Continuous - 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.4]

 Importance - 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.5]
2.5 Select Applicable Load Combinations
 For Strength Limit State:
U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)
2.6 Design Moment and Reaction Computations

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 Cont.…

2.7 Reinforcement provision for deck

 Positive Moment Reinforcement
 Negative Moment Reinforcement
 Distribution Reinforcement: The amount of distribution
reinforcement at the bottom of the slab to distribute the
loads may be taken as a percentage of the primary
reinforcement and a minimum spacing of 250mm.
Pe = min[67,
Pe = Percentage of distribution reinforcement
Se = Clear spacing of girders = Gs-bmin
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement:
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of
concrete exposed to daily temperature changes. For
members greater than 150 mm in thickness, the steel
should be distributed equally on both sides.
Ast ≥ (0.75Ag )/Fy
Where: Ag- is the gross concrete area

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

2.8 Bottom Flange Thickness

 Minimum recommended thickness of the bottom slab,
tsb, min =140 mm [AASHTO Art. 5.14.1.3.1a] , tb > 1/30
of clear span between webs
 Reinforcement
a. Reinforcement parallel to the girder span; As = 0.4%
flange area = 0.4%(total flange width*bottom slab thickness)
b. Transversal Reinforcement
The transverse reinforcement to girder span, As=0.5%flange
area, = 0.5%(total flange width*bottom slab thickness)
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…

c. Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement:

 Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes. For members greater than 150 mm in
thickness, the steel should be distributed equally on both sides.

Ast ≥ (0.75Ag )/Fy

Where: Ag- is the gross concrete area

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

Step-3: Design of Longitudinal Girders

a. Dead load effect due to web and diaphragm weight
 Own weight of web
 Weight of bottom flange
b. Slab reactions (dead loads & live loads) transferred
to girders
c. Distribution factors for Moments and Shears; The
distribution factors for moment and shear for both external
and internal girders are obtained from the empirical
formula given in Table Art 4.6.2.2-1 of AASHTO 1998.
Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023
 Cont.…
 Distribution factors for Moment
 Interior beams
 Exterior beams
 Distribution factors for Shear

 Interior beams
 Exterior beams

d. Distributed Live Load Force Effects: Single design vehicular load

is considered for design
 Influence Line for Live Load Moment (Truck Load)

 Influence Line for live Load Moment (Tandem Load)

 Influence Line for Shear Force (Truck Load)

 Influence Line for Shear Force (Tandem Load)

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023

 Cont.…

e. Select Applicable Load Combinations

For Strength Limit State,
U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)
f. Checking the adequacy of the section
g. Reinforcement provision

Fundamental of Bridge Design Yesuf A. 03/25/2023