CROP PROTECTION

ALE REVIEW 2021

Prepared by:
JAY MARK M. LANTUD
Licensed Agriculturist
What is Entomology?
Entomology is defined as the study of
insects and other relatives under Phylum
Arthropoda e.g. Spiders, mites and ticks.
 Importance of Insects to Man and
Agriculture
Beneficial Aspects
Flower pollinators
Natural Enemies
As food to man
As producers of
commercial products
AS PRODUCERS OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS:
Cochineal Silk

Honey Beeswax

Shellac and varnishes – from Laccifer lacca

Chitin – a component of insect cuticle which acts as anticoagulants or hemostatic agent for
tissue repair in humans
 Importance of Insects to Man and
Agriculture

Harmful Aspects
Insect as Pest to crops
Injurious and annoying
Transmit disease
 Entomophobia
 
CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY
OF INSECTS
Classification - ordering of
organism into hierarchy and
categories

Taxonomy - study of insect

nomenclature and classification
through comparison of their
morphological characteristics.
THE 7 TAXONOMIC
CATEGORIES
KINGDOM:
PHYLUM:
CLASS:
ORDER:
FAMILY:
GENUS:
Other prefixes are added to major
categories such as sub- and super-
Endings:
• Subclass (-ota)
• Infraclass (-ptera)
• Division(-ota)
• Superorder (-pteroidea)
• Order (-ptera, -ura or –odea)
• Superfamiy (-oidea)
• Family (-idae)
• Subfamily (-inae)
• Tribe (-ini)
Nomenclature – naming of organism
Common Name
Scientific Name – popularized by
Carolus Linnaeus in 1753. In which an
organism is given a binomial name:
Genus - Apis
Species - mellifera
The S.N. usually contains the name of
the author Apis mellifera L.
 INSECT CLASSIFICATION
NAME OF THE ORDER –
Criteria of Naming Orders
Wings
Mouthparts
Metamorphosis
Other peculiarities
Phylum arthropoda

“arthro” - joints
“poda” – feet
Joint-footed animals
• Phylum Arthropoda:
• Class Chilopoda – centipedes
• Class Diplopoda – millipedes
• Class Branchiopoda – Fairy
shrimps
• Class Malacostraca – Crabs
• Class Copepoda – copepods
• Class Merostomata – horse
shoe crab
• Class Arachnida – spider, mites
and ticks
• Superclass Hexapoda 
SUPERCLASS HEXAPODA
(SIX-LEGGED ORGANISMS)
1. Entognathous
hexapods- mouthparts
retracted within the
head

• 2. Ectognathous
hexapods - mouthparts
not retracted within the
head
1. ENTOGNATHOUS INSECTS
• Class and Order Collembola
• Class and Order Diplura
• Class and Order Protura
 2. EcTOGNATHOUS INSECTS
Class Insecta (True Insects)
Subclass Apterygota - wingless insects
Subclass Pterygota – winged insects
 Infraclass Paleoptera – Ancient winged
 Infraclass Neoptera – Modern winged
 Division Exopterygota – Simple Met.
 Division Endopterygota – Complete Met.
• Unique characters of
insects:
• Three body regions
(head, thorax and
abdomen)
• Three pairs of legs
• One – two pairs of wings
• The anterior end of the
head typically consist of
mandibles, a pair of
maxillae, labrum and
labium
 INSECT BODY WALL
Presence of exoskeleton which is composed
mainly of chitin.
The insect body wall has three layers:
• Cuticle–non-cellular layer; line the insect’s air
tubes, salivary glands and parts of the
digestive tract.
• Epidermis – cellular layer of the body wall
secretes molting fluid involved in the growth
processes.
• Basement membrane – separates body wall
from internal organs
THE INSECT HEAD
 Anterior head segment which bears the eyes, antenna and
mouthparts.
 Orientation of mouthparts:
Hypognathous Prognathous Opistognathous
EYES
Compound eyes – large pair of
sensory organs that is covered with
minute facets or ommatidia (each
of which represents the lens of
individual unit or ommatidium)

• Simple eyes or ocelli – situated in

between the middle of compound
eyes, there are as many as three
of them present (one on the
midline and the other two are
placed above at each side)
 ANTENNA
 Antenna – paired segmented
appendages situated usually
between or below the compound
eyes.
Scape – basal segment and
generally larger than other
segments
Pedicel – second segment
Flagellum – whiplike part
beyond the pedicel (individual
segment is called flagellomere)
Antenna types
• Aristate
• The last segment
enlarged and bears a
conspicuous dorsal
bristle called arista

• Example: houseflies
•
ANTENNA TYPES
• Bipectinate
• Antenna that have two
margins toothed like a
comb

• Example: Certain species

of moth
Antenna types
• Capitate
• antenna that has
enlarged terminal
segment

• Example: sap bettles

Antenna types
• Clavate
• clubbed, segments
gradually increase in size
at a distance

• Example: lady bird

beetles
Antenna types
• Filiform
• threadlike segment that
are usually uniform in
sizes

• Examples: cockroach,
grasshoppers, crickets
•
Antenna types
• Geniculate
• elbowed with the first
segment long and the
succeeding segments
small and suddenly
going off at an angle

• Examples: ants, bees,

chalcid wasps
Antenna types
• Lamellate
• leaflike, terminal
segments are expanded
forming rounded lobes.

• Examples: june beetles

•
Antenna types
• Moniliform
• beadlike, segments
nearly similar in size and
spherical in shape.

• Example: termites
•
Antenna types
• Pectinate
• comblike, segments
have long slender lateral
extensions

• Example: male click

beetles
•
Antenna types
• Plumose
• feathery, most segments
have whorls of long
hairs

• Example: Mosquitoes
•
Antenna types
• Serrate
• saw-like, ½ or 2/3 of the
far end of the antenna is
more or less triangular
in shape.

• Example: Female click

beetles
•
Antenna types
•Setaceous
•the last segment
bears an elongated
terminal style or
fingerlike extensions
known as the ‘style’.

•Examples: dragonfly
mouthparts
• Mouthparts – vary in type according to the kind of
food insects eat and also determine the damage they
do.
• The mandibulate or chewing type mouthparts is the
basic type from which the specialized types have been
derived.
 The Mandibulate mouthparts:
Labrum – or “upper lip” is a movable
flaplike broad-flat surface covering
the top of the mouth
Mandibles – “upper jaws” tooth-like
structure for chewing, grinding,
tearing or pinching-off solid food
Maxillae–“lower jaws” - behind the
mandibles.
Hypopharynx – central tongue;
bears the opening of the salivary
ducts.
Labium – “lower lip” structure found
posterior to the maxillae
Types of mouthparts
• Chewing/mandibulate type
• presence of a pair of heavily sclerotized
mandibles which are used in grinding and
cutting of solid food.
• Example: caterpillars, grasshoppers
Types of mouthparts
• Chewing-lapping type the
mandibles and labrum is
adapted for chewing and
utilized for grasping prey.
Also functions in wax
molding for nest
materials.

• Examples: Honeybees
Types of mouthparts
• Cutting-sponging type
• mandibles are made into
sharp blades and the
maxillae into long probing
style.

• Example: horsefly
Types of mouthparts
• Piercing-sucking type
mouthparts are modified
into a tubular organ
which penetrate into
tissues of plants and take
in juices from them.

• Example: aphids,
mosquitoes, leafhoppers
Types of mouthparts
• Rasping-sucking type
equipped with a cone-
shaped beak which
originates from clypeus,
labrum, parts of the
maxillae and labium.

• Example: thrips
Types of mouthparts
• Siphoning type
• the galeae has been
fused forming a coiled
tube called the
‘proboscis’ that is used
for sucking nectar from
flowers.

• Example: adult moths

and butterflies
Types of mouthparts
• Sponging type
• the mandibles and
maxillae do not function
in the eating process, the
remaining parts form a
proboscis that has a
sponge-like end called the
labella.

• Example: house flies

THORAX
 The middle body region of insects wherein the locomotory
appendages; the wings and the legs are borne.
 Has three segments namely the: prothorax, mesothorax and
metathorax.
LEGS
 Articulated appendages borne on each thoracic segments:
 Has 5 segments namely:
 Coxa
 Trochanter
 Femur
 Tibia
 Tarsus
Leg modifications
• Ambulatorial –
• walking legs as in
leaf and stick
insects.
Leg modifications
• Cursorial legs
• running legs as in
cockroaches.
Leg modifications
• Fossorial legs
• forelegs adapted
for digging as in
mole crickets.
Leg modifications
• Natatorial
• legs of aquatic
insects for
swimming as in
assassin bugs.
Leg modifications
• Raptorial
• grasping forelegs
for catching prey
found in mantises.
Leg modifications
• Saltatorial
enlarged hind legs
used for hopping
mostly found in
grasshoppers.
INSECT WINGS
 The 2 pairs of wings in insects are used for flight.
 Insect wings reveal much diversity, various shapes, texture,
and coloration.
INSECT WINGS
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Elytra
• hard and thickened
forewings which
protects the soft
abdomen.

• Common to
Coleopterous insects.
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Fringed
• slender fore and hind
wings that has hair-
like projection
(fringes).

• Common to thrips.
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Halteres
• reduced hind wings
that are knob-like in
appearance which are
used in balancing
rather than flight.

• Common to Dipterous
insects.
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Hamuli
• tiny hooks which
unites the forewings
and hindwings.

• Common to
Hymenopterous
insects
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Hemelytra
• the basal portion of
the forewing is
leathery and the
apical part is
membranous.

• Common to
Hemipterous insects.
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Membranous
• wings that are soft,
transparent and flexible
with apparent wing
veins.

• Common to termites,
lacewings, and etc.
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Scaly wings
• the front and hind wing
that are coated with
setae (scales).

• Common to
Lepidopterous insects.
WING MODIFICATIONS
• Tegmina
• forewings that are wholly
leathery which protects
the delicate membranous
hindwings.

• Common to orders
Orthoptera, Blattodea
and Mantodea.
 ABDOMEN
 Third functional region that houses visceral organs
mainly for reproduction, digestion, blood circulation and
respiration.
 Abdomen can have 8-11 segments depending on the
species
 Spiracles –1st to 8th abdominal segments.
 Reproductive structures:
 Male – 9th abdominal segment (has tube like aedagus
or penis)
 Female – 8th and 9th abdominal segments
(fused to form ovipositor)
Some abdominal parts present in
some insects
• Abdominal gills
• serve as breathing organs
of aquatic insects
especially the young (niad)
of dragonflies.
Some abdominal parts present in
some insects
• Abdominal prolegs
• locomotory abdominal
appendages usually found
on the larval stages of
some insects (e.g.
Lepidoptera)
Some abdominal parts present in
some insects
• Cerci
• slender, forcep-like
pointed structures found
on the eleventh segment
of the abdomen
Some abdominal parts present in
some insects
• Cornicles
• a paired secretory
structures located dorsally
on the abdomen of
aphids. Cornicles secrete a
repellant substance or
evoke care giving behavior
of ants which protects
them from predators.
Some abdominal parts present in
some insects
• Collophore
• a fleshy, peg-like structure in Order Collembola located
on the ventral portion of the first abdominal segment.
• Homeostatic – regulates H20 balance
Some abdominal parts present in
some insects
• Sting
• found in most aculeate
female hymenoptera
which is modified from
ovipositor.
Flow:
History of Philippine Entomology
What is Entomology
Importance of Insects to Man and Agriculture
Classification and Taxonomy of Insects
General Characteristics of Insects
Insect growth and development
Characteristics of each Insect Orders
Concept Of Pest
Short Quiz – 30 ITEMS 
Insect growth and development

 Insects undergo different life stages.

 Stages refer to the morphological state of insect in
between two molts
 Stages are:
 Egg
 Young/immature
 Intervening stage (pupa)
 Adult/Imago
 Not all insects undergo pupal stage
• Metamorphosis
 The process of change in size, shape, and
form. It varies depending on the order to
which the insect belongs
 Ametabolous
 Hemimetabolous
 Paurometabolous
 Holometabolous
ametabolous
• No metamorphosis
 Common to Orders
• (egg-young-adult)
Collembola, Protura,
 Most primitive Diplura and Thysanura.
developmental pattern
in insects
HEMIMETABOLOUS
• Incomplete
metamorphosis
• (egg-naiad-adult)
 The young or naiad lives
on aquatic environment.
 Naiads and adults are
predatory.
 Common to orders
Odonata, Ephemeroptera
and Plecoptera.
PAUROMETABOLOU
S
• Gradual Metamorphosis
• (egg-nymph-adult)
 Also called simple/direct metamorphosis in which the
immature (nymph) resembles the parent except their
size, wings and genital development.
 Common to orders Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera,
Psocoptera, Embioptera, Dermaptera, Blattodea and
Isoptera.
HOLOMETABOLOUS
• Complete metamorphosis (egg – larva – pupa - adult)
 Differ in many aspects such as size, shape and overall
appearance,
 Larval stage – feeding stage
 Pupal stage is quiescent.
 Adults may or may not feed

 Common to orders
Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera,
Diptera, Coleoptera, etc
TERMINOLOGIES
 Ecdysis/Molting – the process of shedding off
of skin periodically to accommodate the
growth and development. Most insects molt at
least three to four times.
 Exuviae – the old skin (cuticle) left after
undergoing molting.
 Stadium – is the total period in between two
molts.
 Instar – is the appearance of insect after
molting.
 STAGES OF INSECT GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
•EGGS
All insects reproduce eggs which is consist of the following:
Yolk – provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
Vitelline membrane – sheath which covers the yolk.
Chorion – or shell which houses and provides protection
to the egg.
Micropyle – has one or more tiny openings through which
the sperm enters to fertilize the egg.
Operculum – a lid or cap where the young emerge.
 STAGES OF INSECT GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

• LARVA
 The young that emerged after hatching from egg.
 Usually, the longest period in the insect development that is
characterized as the feeding stage.
 The most damaging stage.
 VARIATIONS OF INSECT LARVA
• Eruciform Scarabeiform Elateriform

• Campodeiform Vermiform
STAGES OF INSECT GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Nymph – the active developing stage of
Paurometabolous insect.
 Naiad – the active developing stage, usually aquatic
young of Hemimetabolous insects.
 Pupa –the resting (inactive/quiescent) or
reorganization stage of Holometabolous insects.
 Adult or Imago – the final instar/stage in the
development of insect in which all of the external
characteristics are well defined.

•  
Variations of insect pupa
 Reproduction in Insects
• Insect reproduce in several ways:
 Bisexual reproduction–both males and females are
involved. Eggs are fertilized by male sperm. Most
insects reproduced this way.
 Parthenogenesis – only females are required to
reproduce the young. The eggs are developed without
fertilization. Common to aphids in tropical countries.
 Paedogenesis – a special type of reproduction wherein
larva of some Hymenopterans is capable of producing
young.
• 
Reproduction in Insects

• OVIPARY VIVIPARY

• VS
Flow:
History of Philippine Entomology
What is Entomology
Importance of Insects to Man and Agriculture
Classification and Taxonomy of Insects
General Characteristics of Insects
Insect growth and development
Characteristics of each Insect Orders
Concept Of Pest
Short Quiz – 20 ITEMS 
Non-insect hexapods
• ORDER (CLASS) COLLEMBOLA
 “Coll” = glue
 “embola” =wedge
 Collophore – absorbs
moisture in the environment
 Tiny (below 6mm),
 wingless
 Furcula – jumping organ
 Ametabola
Non-insect hexapods
• ORDER (CLASS) DIPLURA
 “diplo” – two
 “ura” – tail
 Tail like cerci at the tip of the
abdomen
 Predatory
 Eversible vesicles in the
abdomen (H20 balance)
 Able to regenerate lost body
parts
 Ametabola
Non-insect hexapods
• ORDER PROTURA
 “proto” = first
 “ura” = tail
 No cerci, antenna and
compound eyes
 Minute, usually found in
damp habitats
 Ametabola
True insects (apterygotes)
• ORDER ARCHAEOGNATHA -
• Jumping Bristletails
 “archaeo” = ancient
 “gntha” = jaw
 Monocondylic – mandibles
connect with head capsule
 Eversible vesicles (H20 balance)
 Ametabola
True insects (apterygotes)
• ORDER THYSANURA –
• Silverfish
 “thysano” = fringe
 “ura” = tails
 Long, fringed filament on the
abdomen
 Long-lived insects 3-6 years
(60 instars)
 Ametabola
True insects
(pterygotes-paleoptera)
• Order Ephemeroptera –
• Mayflies
 “ephemera” = short-lived
 “ptera” = wings
 Adults are short-lived (1 – 2 days)
 Naiads live in fresh and
unpolluted waters “ecological
indicators”
 Herbivores, some predacious
 Hemimetabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-PALEOPTERA)
• ORDER ODONATA –
• Damselflies, dragonflies
• “odonto” = jaw
 Strong teeth found on the
mandibles of most adults
 Predatory - beneficial
 Naiads are aquatic
 Slender body, eyes occupy most
of the head
 Membranous wings - nodus and
stigma
 Hemimetabola
True insects
(pterygotes-paleoptera)

• ORDER ODONATA (cont..)

 SUBORDER ANISOPTERA –
Dragonflies
 Has dissimilar wings, wings
extended horizontally when at
rest

 SUBORDER ZYGOPTERA –
Damselflies
 Has identical wings, wings
folded vertically when at rest
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER BLATTODEA (=Blattaria)
-
• Cockroaches
 “blatta” = cockroach
 Dorso-laterally flattened bodies
 Pronotum – shield like
 30 species are cosmopolitan to
man
 Females secrete “ootheca” –
gluing substance
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER DERMAPTERA –
• Earwigs
 “derma” – skin
 “ptera” – wings
 Thickened forewings that covers
the hindwings
 Elongated body, slightly dorso-
ventrally flattened
 Forcep-like cerci
 Predators – corn borers
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER EMBIOPTERA (=EMBIIDINA)

• Web spinners
 “embio” – lively
 “ptera” – wings
 Fluttery movement of wings
 Small, with depressed and elongated
bodies
 Forelegs enlarged (silk-producing
glands)
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER GRYLLOBLATTODEA
• Rock/Snow Crawlers
 “gryllo” – cricket
 “blatta” – cockroach
 Resembles like a cockroach
and a cricket
 Usually found in temperate
regions
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER HEMIPTERA –
• Cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids
 “hemi” – half
 “ptera” –wings
 Forewings – basally leathery
(hemelytra) and apically
membranous
 Mouthparts – piercing-sucking
(impt. Vectors of plant disease)
 Some are predatory
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER HEMIPTERA (cont..)
 Suborder Heteroptera
 Forewings differ basally and
apically
 Example: cotton stainer, bed
bugs, black bugs
 Suborder Homoptera
 forewings are the same
 Aphid species secrete
honeydew thru cornicles
 Example,: aphids,
leafhoppers
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER ISOPTERA
• Termites
 “iso” – equal
 “ptera” – wings
 Wings - similar in size, shape and
venation
 “White ants”
 Specialist feeders of cellulose
(impt. pest in agriculture and
forestry)
 Exhibits “True social behavior”
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER ISOPTERA
(cont..)
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER MANTODEA
• Mantids
• “mantis” = mantis
 Large size insects adapted to
predation (grasping forelegs)
 Small triangular head with large
eye; has mandibulate
mouthparts
 Natural enemies to agricultural
pest
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER MANTOPHASMATODEA
• Heel-Walkers, Gladiators
 Name is a combination of the
characters between Mantis and a
stick insect
 Latest insect order – 2002
 Apterous – wingless
 Mandibulate mouthparts
 Very rare – Southwestern Arica
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER ORTHOPTERA
• Crickets, Grasshoppers, katydids
 “ortho” – straight
 “wings” – wings
 Parallel structure of the forewing
(tegmina)
 Many have well-developed cerci or
ovipositor
 Legs modified for jumping or digging
 Dominant insect in terrestrial habitats
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER PHASMATODEA
• Walking sticks, Leaf Insects
 “phasm” – phantom
 Cryptic appearance and
behavior of the insects
 Leaf –like or stick-like
 Mimicking ability
 May grow up to 30 cm (12 in)
long
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER PHTHIRAPTERA
• Sucking lice & Biting lice
 “phthir” – lice
 “aptera” - wingless
 Wingless, obligate ectoparasites
of mammals and birds
 Feeds on blood
 “nit” – egg stage
 Well-developed claws
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER PLECOPTERA
• Stoneflies
 “pleco” – fold
 Pleated hindwing which fold behind the
forewings.
 Sensitive to pollution – indicators of
water purity
 Naiad are aquatic, lives behind the
stones in fast and aerated H20
 Adults are short-lived and feeds on
algae and lichens
 Hemimetabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER PSOCOPTERA
• Book lice and Jumping lice
 “psokos” – gnaw
 Insects that gnaw
 Feeds on book bindings,
wallpaper paste, fabric
sizing & other starchy
products
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER THYSANOPTERA
• Thrips
 “thysanos” – fringe
 Insects with fringe wings (fore
and hind)
 Minute and elongated
 Has rasping sucking mouthparts
 Destructive to many crops
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-EXOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER ZORAPTERA
• Angel Insects, zorapterans
 “zor” – pure
 “aptera” – wingless
 Minute to small with
mandibulate mouthparts
 Resembles like termites
 Usually found on rotting
materials
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER COLEOPTERA
 Beetles, Weevils
 “coleo” = sheath
 Thickened, highly sclerotized
forewings (Elytra) and
membranous hindwings
 Rank 1 – number of species
 Often has mandibulate
mouthparts
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA--ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER DIPTERA
 True flies
 “di” = two
 Has only a pair of functional
wings
 Haltere – reduced, knob like
wings for balancing
 Mouthparts can be sponging
(houseflies) and cutting
sponging
 Ranks 4
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER HYMENOPTERA
• Bees, wasps, ants
 “hymen” = membrane
 Has membranous wings joined by
a structure called hamuli
 Mostly beneficial insects
 Also exhibits social behavior
 Ovipositor – sawing, piercing and
stinging
 TOP 3
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER LEPIDOPTERA
• Butterflies, moths, skippers
 “lepido” = scale
 Scaly wings
 Larva – chewing
 Adult – siphoning (proboscis –
fused galeae)
 2nd largest group of insects
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER MECOPTERA
 Scorpionflies
 “meco” = long
 Scorpionflies – males have
terminal segment
 Usually predatory, head
modified into a beak
 Larvae resembles caterpillars
and grubs
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER MEGALOPTERA
• Dobsonflies, alderflies
 “meco” = large
 Adults have strong
mandibles
 Wings fold flat
 Adults looks like adult
lacewings (Neuroptera)
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER NEUROPTERA
• Lacewings and antlions
 “neuro” = nerves
 4 membranous wings has
extensive cross veins (nerve
wings)
 Have chewing mouthparts
 Predatory, serve as biocon
agents
 Paurometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER RAPHIDIOPTERA
• Snakeflies
 Adults and larvae are terrestrial
predators.
 Adults mantid-like with an
elongated prothorax and the
head is mobile which strikes
(snake-like) its prey.
 Predominantly inhabit
woodlands, where adults are
seen on foliage, flowers, tree
trunks or similar places.
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER SIPHONAPTERA
• Fleas
 “siphon” = tube
 Mouthparts adapted for
piercing and sucking blood of
mammals and birds
 Bodies compressed laterally
 Hindlegs enlarged for jumping
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)
• ORDER STREPSIPTERA
 Twisted-wing parasites
 “strepsi” – turned or
twisted
 Endoparasites of other
insect
 Only males winged:
forewing – reduced club
shaped; hindwing – fan
shaped
 Holometabola
TRUE INSECTS
(PTERYGOTES-NEOPTERA-ENDOPTERYGOTES)

• ORDER TRICHOPTERA
• Caddisflies
 “trichos” = hair
 Long, silky hairs covers the
body
 Adults are relatively short
lived
 Holometabola
Flow:
History of Philippine Entomology
What is Entomology
Importance of Insects to Man and Agriculture
Classification and Taxonomy of Insects
General Characteristics of Insects
Insect growth and development
Characteristics of each Insect Orders
Concept Of Pest
Short Quiz – 20 ITEMS 
Concept of pest
 Pest –any living organisms which negatively affect human
beings in many aspects:
 Pest destroys crop;
 Compete with human for food and shelter;
 Transmit diseases;
 Reduce availability, quality and value of human
resources;
 Anthropocentric/man-made concept
 Classification of pest
• Based on origin
• Exotic pest – pest introduced in a particular area where it is
currently unknown.
• Endemic pest – pest common in a certain place where it
originates.
Classification of pest
• Based on relative abundance and number
1. Key or Major Pest – present in the field every season with
high population density, usually has no biocon agent (exotic),
can cause economic damage
 EXAMPLES: stem borers of rice, corn borers, diamond back
moth, green leaf hopper and etc.
 Classification of pest
• Based on relative abundance and number
2. Potential or minor pest – pest species always found in the field at low
population density , their number are regulated by biocon agent, does not
cause economic damage
 EXAMPLES: rice whorl maggots and rice skippers
 Classification of pest
• Based on relative abundance and number
• 3. Occasional pest –are pest which can be found
sparingly or sporadically in an area and more often
than not, does not cause economic damage.
 EXAMPLES: Migratory locust and armyworms
Classification of pest
• Based on food preference
1. Phytophagous insects (herbivores) – feeds on living
plants.
 Leaf feeders – Orthopterans and most larvae under
the Lepidoptera.
 Leaf miners – agromyzid flies
 Stem and root borers – rice stem borers and sweet
potato weevils
 Gall makers – gall wasps
 Sap feeders – most Homopterans
• 2. Zoophagous – feeds or lives (as parasites) on living
animals
 Parasites – sucking and biting lice, fleas and
mosquitoes.
 Predators – prey on other insects (tomato lady beetle)
Classification of pest

• Based on food preference

• 3. Saprophagous – feeds on dead organic matter
 General scavenger – cockroach
 Dung feeders – scarabaeid beetles

• 4. Mycetophagous – feeds on fungus

 Fungus feeders – mycetophagid beetles
A PEST MUST CAUSE AN
INJURY
• In order for an organism to be considered a
pest, a damaging stage of the organism
must be present in high enough numbers
to cause actual injury to something valued
by people.
FOUR THINGS “REQUIRED” TO
MAKE A PEST
1. Pest species must be
present at the right stage
2. Environmental criteria
must be met.
3. Crop must be a susceptible
variety and growth stage.
4. All of the above must
occur at the same time.
PEST INJURY VS. DAMAGE
• Injury – The effect that the pest has on the
crop or commodity.
• Damage – The effect that injury has on
man’s valuation of that crop or commodity.
• For crops, “Injury” is biological and
“Damage” is economic.
• For non-crops, “Injury” = “Damage”
 LEVELS OF PEST
POPULATIONS
 Economic Threshold Level (ETL) – or action threshold which
indicates that the pest population density calls for appropriate
control management practices to avoid reaching the EIL.
 Economic Injury Level (EIL) – can be defined as the lowest
number of insect pest that can cause economic damage
 Economic Damage – occurs when the value of damage
outweighs the cost of controlling the pest
 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING