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Unit 1 Three Level Architecture

The document discusses data models, schemas, and instances in a database. It defines a data model as a set of concepts that describe a database's structure and constraints. A schema provides an overall description of the database. An instance refers to the data in the database at a particular time. The document also describes three levels of abstraction (physical, logical, and external), and how a database architecture uses these levels.

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56 views

Unit 1 Three Level Architecture

The document discusses data models, schemas, and instances in a database. It defines a data model as a set of concepts that describe a database's structure and constraints. A schema provides an overall description of the database. An instance refers to the data in the database at a particular time. The document also describes three levels of abstraction (physical, logical, and external), and how a database architecture uses these levels.

Uploaded by

jdidiwoodkdor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data models, Schemas, and

Instances
Data model:-A set of concepts to describe the
structure of a database, and certain constraints that
the database should obey.
Schema:- The overall description of the database is
called the Database Schema.
 A schema is defined as an outline or a plan that
describes the records and relationships existing at the
particular level.
• Instance:- Data in the database at a particular
moment in time.
Data abstraction
A major purpose of database system is to provide user
with an abstract view of data. That is, system hides
certain details of how the data are stored and
maintained.
Levels of Abstraction(view of
data)
Physical/Internal level: this level describes how
data is stored in database.
Logical/Conceptual level: describes what data is
stored in database, and the relationships among the
data.
 View/External level: This level describes that part

of the database that is relevant to each user.


View of Data

An architecture for a database system


Database Languages
Database languages are used to create and maintain database on
computer.
Data Definition Language(DDL): It is a language that allows
user to define data and their relationship to other types of data.
 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 RENAME
Data Manipulation Language(DML):It provides a set of
operations to support the basic data manipulation operations on
the data held in databases. It allows user to insert, update, delete
and retrieve data from the database.
 DELETE
 INSERT
 SELECT
 UPDATE
Database Languages
Data Control Language(DCL): DCL statements control
access to data and the database
 GRANT
 REVOKE
 COMMIT
Transaction Control Language(TCL): TCL statements
manage the change made by DML statements, and group
DML statements into transactions
 COMMIT
 ROLLBACK
 SAVEPOINT
Database Architecture
Three-tier architecture
Advantages of Three-Tier
Architecture
Scalability
Data Integrity
Data Security
Balancing of Load is much easier with division of core
business from the server of the database
High performance
Network utilization is minimized, therefore load is
reduced
Disadvantages
More complex than 2-tier Client Server Architecture

Maintenance
External or View level: It is the user’s view of the
database. This level describes that part of the database
that is relevant to each user.
 For example, one user may view dates in the form (day,
month, year), while another may view dates as (year, month,
day).
Conceptual or logical level: It is the community view of
the database. This level describes what data is stored in
the database and the relationships among the data.
It represents:
 All entities, their attributes, and their relationships;
 The constraints on the data;
 Security and integrity information.
Internal or storage level: It is the physical
representation of the database on the computer. This level
describes how the data is stored in the database.
Data Independence
Data independence can be explained using the three-
schema architecture.
Data independence refers characteristic of being able
to modify the schema at one level of the database
system without altering the schema at the next higher
level.
Data Independence-Achievement
of Layered Architecture of DBMS
Two kinds of data independence:
Logical data independence
Physical data independence
Logical Data Independence
The capacity to change the conceptual schema
without having to change the external schemas and
their application programs.
Logical data independence is used to separate the
external level from the conceptual view.
If we do any changes in the conceptual view of the
data, then the user view of the data would not be
affected.
Logical data independence occurs at the user
interface level.
Physical Data Independence
The capacity to change the internal schema without
having to change the conceptual schema.
If we do any changes in the storage size of the
database system server, then the Conceptual structure
of the database will not be affected.
Physical data independence is used to separate
conceptual levels from the internal levels.
Physical data independence occurs at the logical
interface level.
Contd…
The processes of transforming requests and results
between the levels are called mappings.
When a schema at a lower level is changed, only the
mappings between this schema and higher-level
schemas need to be changed in a DBMS that fully
supports data independence. The higher-level
schemas themselves are unchanged. Hence, the
application programs need not be changed since they
refer to the external schemas.

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