Engineering

Mechanics I
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
Eskindir.Z
 Course Outline
1. BASICS OF STATICS 3. EQUILIBRIUM
1.1. Introduction 3.1. Introduction
1.2. Basic Concepts in Mechanics 3.2. Equilibrium in Two-Dimensions
1.3. Scalars and Vectors 3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
1.4. Operation with vectors
 2. FORCE SYSTEMS 4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
2.1. Introduction 4.1. Introduction
2.2. Coplanar Force Systems (2-D) 4.2. Trusses
2.2.1. Resolution of a Force 4.2.1. Plane Trusses
2.2.2. Moment, Couple & Force- - Method of Joints
Couple systems - Method of Sections
2.2.3. Resultants 4.2.2. Space Trusses
2.3. Non-Coplanar Force Systems 4.3. Pin-ended Multi-Force Structures
(3-D) 4.3.1. Frames
2.3.1. Resolution of a Force
4.3.2. Simple Machines
2.3.2. Moment, Couple & Force-
Couple systems
2.3.3. Resultants
 Course Outline
5. INTERNAL ACTIONS IN 7. AREA MOMENTS OF
BEAMS INERTIA
5.1. Conventions and 7.1 Introduction
Classification of beams 7.2 Composite Areas
5.2. Types of loads and reactions 7.3. Product of Inertia
in beams 7.4. Transfer and Rotation of Axes
5.3. Shear Force and Bending 8. FRICTION
Moment
8.1. Introduction
5.4. Static Functions 8.2. Types of Friction
8.3. Dry Friction
6. CENTROIDS 8.4. Applications of Friction in
6.1 Center of Gravity Mechanics
6.2 Center of Lines, Areas, and Assessments/Requirement:
Volumes Assignments & continuous
6.3 Centroids of Composite Bodies assessment ..50%
Quiz...........................................10
%
Test...........................................20%
Assignment...............................20%
 Chapter One

Basics of Statics
1.1 Introduction
• Mechanics is an area of science
concerned with the behavior of physical
bodies when subjected to forces or
displacement.

Translation

Rotation
1.1 Introduction
• The major division of the mechanics discipline
separates classic mechanics from quantum
mechanics.
• Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope. It
encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-
discipline.
• Quantum mechanics has superiority over classic
mechanics at the foundation level and is
indispensable for explanation and prediction of
process at molecular and subatomic level.

Figure of an
Atom
1.1 Introduction
 Parts of classical mechanics
• Newtonian mechanics: kinematics and dynamics
• Analytical mechanics: emphasizes on system energy
• Solid mechanics: elasticity, the properties of deformable bodies
• Statics: Rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium
• Fluid mechanics: the motion of fluids
• Soil mechanics: mechanical behavior of soil
• Hydraulics: mechanical properties of liquids

 Parts of quantum mechanics

• Schrodinger wave mechanics: used to describe the motion of the
wave function of a single particle
• Particle physics: the motion, structure, and reaction of the particles
• Nuclear physics: the motion, structure, and reaction of the nuclei
 1.1 Introduction
What is mechanics and its application in
♠
Engineering science?
Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on
objects. It is divided into three parts: mechanics of rigid bodies, mechanics of
deformable bodies, and mechanics of fluids.
♠ It is the oldest of the physical sciences. The early history of this subject is
synonymous with the very beginnings of engineering.
♠ No other subject plays a greater role in engineering analysis than mechanics.
Although the principles of mechanics are few, they have wide application in
engineering. [1]
♠ The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two parts: statics,
which concerns the equilibrium of bodies under action of forces, and
dynamics, which concerns the motion of bodies. Engineering Mechanics is divided
into these two parts, Vol. 1 Statics and Vol. 2 Dynamics

♠ Statics deals primarily with the calculation of external forces which act on
rigid bodies in equilibrium. Determination of the internal deformations
belongs to the study of the mechanics of deformable bodies or
mechanics of materials.
Mubarek Z
1.2 Basic Concepts
• The following definition and concepts are basic to the
study of mechanics.
• Space: geometric region occupied by bodies

• Time: the measure of the succession of events

• Mass: measure of inertia of a body. Mass can also be
thought of as the quantity of matter in a body

• Force: the action of one body on other. It tends to move a

body in its direction of action

• Particle: a body of negligible dimensions

• Rigid body: a body is considered rigid when the change in
distance between any two of its points is negligible.
1.2 Basic Concepts
F
A A

L1 L2
B B Diamond is
considered
Rigid (L1=L2) F to be the
hardest
F
A A naturally
occurring
L1 material
B L2

B
Non rigid(L1L2)
F
Fundamental Principles
• The three laws of newton
• First law: a particle remain at rest or continues
to move in a straight line with a uniform velocity
if there is no unbalanced force acting on it
• Second law: the acceleration of a particle is
proportional to the resultant force acting on it
and its in the direction of this resultant force
• Third law: the forces of action and reaction of
interacting are equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction and collinear
Fundamental principles
• Law of gravitation by Newton

F2 F3

M1 M2

R
Fundamental Principles
• Example
Using law of gravitation by newton, calculate the
weight of a 60kg man given
• mass of earth = kg,
• constant of gravitation, G =
• Radius of earth = 6371km
Solution:
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantities: are physical quantities
that can be completely described
(measured) by their magnitude alone.
• These quantities do not need a direction to
point out their application (Just a value to
quantify their measurability). They only
need the magnitude and the unit of
measurement to fully describe them.
• E.g. Time[s], Mass [Kg], Area [m2],
Volume [m3], Density [Kg/m3], Distance
[m], etc.
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
• Vector quantities: Like Scalar quantities,
Vector quantities need a magnitude. But in
addition, they have a direction, and
sometimes point of application for their
complete description.
• Vectors are represented by short arrows
on top of the letters designating them.
• E.g. Force [N, Kg.m/s2], Velocity [m/s],
Acceleration [m/s2], Momentum [N.s,
kg.m/s], etc.
Types of Vectors
• Generally vectors fall into the following three
basic classifications:
• Free Vectors: are vectors whose action in space
is not confined or associated with a unique line
in space; hence they are ‘free’ in space.
• E.g.  Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration,
Couples, etc.
Types of Vector
• Sliding Vectors: are vectors for which a
unique line in space along the action of the
quantity must be maintained.
• E.g. Force acting on rigid bodies.
Types of Vector
• Fixed Vectors: are vectors for which a
unique and well-defined point of application
is specified to have the same external
effect.
• E.g. Force acting on non-rigid (deformable)
bodies.
 Classification of Vector
 Based on coexistence of vector
 Concurrent vector:- the line of action of the
vector meet at one point.

concurrent non concurrent

 Classification of Vector
 Collinear vectors:- all of the line of actions of them
are parallel.

linear non linear

 Coplanar vectors:- lines of action of the vectors lie on the same
plane. Any two vectors are coplanar

 Space vectors:-
Representation of Vector
A. Graphical representation
Graphically, a vector is represented by a
directed line segment headed by an arrow.
The length of the line segment is equal to
the magnitude of the vector to some
predetermined scale and the arrow indicates
the direction of the vector.
Head

Length of
the line
Tail segment
 Representation of Vector
B. Algebraic (Arithmetic) representation
• Algebraically a vector is represented by
the components of the vector along the
three dimensions.

⃗
𝐴 𝑎𝑧
y
𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑦
x
Properties of Vectors
• Equality of vectors: Two free vectors are
said to be equal if and only if they have the
same magnitude and direction.
⃗
𝐴= ⃗
𝐵 =⃗
𝐶
A B C

• The Negative of a vector: is a vector

which has equal magnitude to a given
vector but opposite in direction.

A -A
Properties of Vector
• Null vector: is a vector of zero magnitude.
A null vector has an arbitrary direction.

• Unit vector: is any vector whose

magnitude is unity.
• A unit vector along the direction of a
certain vector, say vector A (denoted by
uA) can then be found by dividing vector A
by its magnitude.
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Vector Addition or Composition
• Composition of vectors is the process of
adding two or more vectors to get a single
vector, a Resultant
• Techniques of Adding Vectors
A. Graphical Method
B. Analytical Method
1.4 Operation With Vectors
A. Graphical Method
I. The parallelogram law
• Two free vectors drawn on scale, the resultant of
the vectors can be found by drawing a
parallelogram having sides of these vectors, and
the resultant will be the diagonal
⃗
𝑅
⃗
𝐴 ⃗
𝐴
⃗
𝑅= ⃗
𝐴+ ⃗
𝐵
⃗
𝐵
⃗
𝐵
1.4 Operation With Vectors
II. The Triangle rule
• The Triangle rule is a corollary to the
parallelogram axiom and it is fit to be applied to
more than two vectors at once. It states “If the
two vectors, which are drawn on scale, are
placed tip (head) to tail, their resultant will be the
third side of the triangle ⃗
𝑅
⃗
𝐴 ⃗
𝐴
⃗
𝑅= ⃗
𝐴+ ⃗
𝐵
⃗
𝐵
⃗
𝐵
1.4 Operation With Vectors
B. Analytic method
• The analytic methods are the direct
applications of the above postulates and
theorems in which the resultant is found
mathematically
I. Trigonometric rules
The resultant of two vectors can be found
analytically from the parallelogram rule by
applying the cosine and the sine rules.
1.4 Operation With Vectors
I. Trigonometric rules ⃗
𝐵

⃗ ⃗
𝐴
𝑅
⃗
𝐴 𝜃 𝛼
𝛽
⃗
𝐵
From Cosine law

….. magnitude
From Sine law
…direction
1.4 Operation With Vectors
II. Component Method of Vector Addition
• This is the most efficient method of vector
addition, especially when the number of
vectors to be added is large.
• In this method first the components of
each vector along a convenient axis will be
calculated.
• Then the sum of the components of each
vector along each axis will be equal to the
components of their resultant along the
respective axes
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Example
For vector V1 and V2 shown on the next slide
1. Determine the magnitude S of their vector sum
S = V1+V2
2. Determine the angle between S and the positive
x-axis.
3. Write S as a vector in terms off unit vectors i and
j and then write a unit along the vector sum S.
4. Determine the vector difference D = V1 - V2
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Example cont..
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
1. We construct to scale the parallelogram
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
2. Using the law of sine for the lower triangle
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
3. With knowledge of S and

Unit vector in the direction of S

1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
3. The vector difference D
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Decomposition of vectors
• Decomposition is the process of getting
the components of a given vector along
some other different axis.
• Practically decomposition is the reverse of
composition.
t
⃗
𝐴 ⃗
𝐴
=

⃗
∅ 𝐴𝑡 ∅ =

𝜃 𝛼
n
𝜃 For rectangular coordinate
system
⃗
𝐴𝑛
1.4 Operation With Vectors
Vector Multiplication
1. Multiplication of vectors by scalars
2. Multiplication of vector by a vector
2.1 Dot Product: Scalar Product
2.2. Cross Product: Vector Product
1. Multiplication of vectors by scalars
Let n be a non-zero scalar and be a vector, then
multiplying by n gives as a vector whose
magnitude is and whose direction is in the
direction of if n is positive or is in opposite
direction to if n is negative.
1.4 Operation With Vectors
2. Multiplication of vector by a vector
2.1 Dot Product: Scalar Product
• The scalar product of two vectors A and B which
are  degrees inclined from each other denoted
by A.B (A dot B) will result in a scalar of
magnitude
i.e.
• If analytically expressed
&
1.4 Operation With Vectors
2.2. Cross Product: Vector Product
• The vector product of two vectors A and B that
are  degrees apart denoted by AxB (A cross B)
is a vector of magnitude
• The direction is perpendicular to the plane
formed by the vectors A and B. The sense of the
resulting vector can be determined by the right-
hand rule.
&
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Moment of a Vector
• The moment of a vector V about any point O is
given by

is a position vector from point O to any point on

the line of action of the vector
o ⃗
𝑉
⃗𝑟

Moment of force is a measure of a force’s to produce

torsion or rotation about an axis
Thank You