Metode Block Caving

Ridho Kresna Wattimena

Jakarta, 2 November 2017

Kelompok Keahlian Teknik Pertambangan Trisakti

Fakutas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan Mining Week
Institut Teknologi Bandung 2017
 sejak 93

MAR 91 RKW 99 GMS 15 FYP

(70) (86) (94) (11)

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Pemilihan Metode Penambangan

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 Metode Numerik

1. Nicholas Method
2. UBC Method
3. Sh&B Method

Sumber:
4. Nicholas, D.E. 1981. Method selection-a numerical approach. In Design and Operation of Caving and
Sublevel Stoping Mines (Ed. D.R. Stewart), SME, New York, pp. 39-51.
5. Miller-Tait, L., Pakalnis, R., and Poulin, R. 1995. UBC mining method selection. Proc. Mine Planning and
Equipment Selection, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 163-168 .
6. K.Shahriar, K., Bakhtavar, E., and Saeedi, Gh. 2007. A new numerical method and AHP for mining method
selection. Proc. Aachen International Mining Symposia, pp. 289-305.

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 Metode Numerik: Parameter

1. (a) Bentuk, (b) ketebalan, (c) kemiringan, dan (d)

kedalaman badan bijih.
2. (a) Distribusi dan (b) kuantitas (khusus Sh&B) kadar.
3. RMR (a) badan bijih, (b) hanging wall, dan (c) foot wall
(Nicholas hanya menggunakan spasi dan kekuatan bidang
diskontinyu).
4. sc/s1 (a) badan bijih, (b) hanging wall, dan (c) foot wall
(Nicholas menggunakan sc/sv).

Diskusi kita dibatasi pada Metode UBC

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 Metode Numerik: Badan Bijih
General shape
Mining method
M T/P I
Open pit 4 2 3
Block caving 4 2 0
Sublevel stoping 3 4 1
Sublevel caving 3 4 1
Longwall mining -49 4 -49
Room and pillar 0 4 2
Shrinkage stoping 0 4 2 Remarks
Cut & fill stoping 1 4 4 M = Massive
Top slicing 1 2 0 T/P = Tabular/Platy
Square set stoping 0 1 4 I = Irregular

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 Metode Numerik: Badan Bijih
Ore thickness
Mining method
VN N I T VT
Open pit 1 2 3 4 4
Block caving -49 -49 0 3 4
Sublevel stoping -10 1 3 4 3
Sublevel caving -49 -49 0 4 4
Longwall mining 4 3 0 -49 -49 Remarks
Room and pillar 4 3 1 -49 -49 VN < 3m
Shrinkage stoping 4 4 0 -49 -49 N 3-10 m
Cut & fill stoping 3 4 4 1 0 I 10-30 m
Top slicing 1 1 0 2 1 T 30-100 m
Square set stoping 4 3 2 0 0 VT > 100 m

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Metode Numerik: Badan Bijih
Ore plunge
Mining method
F I S
Open pit 3 3 1
Block caving 3 2 4
Sublevel stoping 2 1 4
Sublevel caving 1 1 4
Longwall mining 4 0 -49
Room and pillar 4 0 -49
Shrinkage stoping -49 0 4 Remarks
Cut & fill stoping 1 3 4 F < 20 deg
Top slicing 4 2 0 I 20-55 deg
Square set stoping 2 3 2 S > 55 deg

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Metode Numerik: Badan Bijih
Kedalaman
Mining method
SH I D
Open pit 4 0 -49
Block caving 2 3 3
Sublevel stoping 3 4 2
Sublevel caving 3 2 2
Longwall mining 2 2 3
Room and pillar 3 3 2
Shrinkage stoping 3 3 2 Remarks
Cut & fill stoping 2 3 4 SH 0-100 m
Top slicing 2 1 1 I 100-600 m
Square set stoping 1 1 2 D > 600 m

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 Metode Numerik: Kadar
Grade
Mining method distribution
U G E
Open pit 3 3 2
Block caving 3 2 2
Sublevel stoping 4 4 3
Sublevel caving 3 2 2
Longwall mining 4 1 0
Room and pillar 4 2 0
Shrinkage stoping 3 2 2 Remarks
Cut & fill stoping 2 3 4 U = Uniform
Top slicing 2 1 1 G = Gradational
Square set stoping 0 1 3 E = Erratic

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 Metode Numerik: RMR
Ore zone RMR
Mining method
VW W M S VS
Open pit 3 3 3 3 3
Block caving 4 3 2 0 -49
Sublevel stoping 1 3 4 4 4
Sublevel caving 3 4 3 1 0
Longwall mining 6 6 4 2 2 Remarks
Room and pillar -49 0 3 5 6 VW 0-20
Shrinkage stoping 0 1 3 3 3 W 21-40
Cut & fill stoping 0 1 2 3 3 M 41-60
Top slicing 3 2 1 1 0 S 61-80
Square set stoping 4 4 1 0 0 VS 81-100

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 Metode Numerik: RMR
Hanging wall RMR
Mining method
VW W M S VS
Open pit 3 3 4 4 4
Block caving 3 3 3 2 2
Sublevel stoping -49 0 3 4 4
Sublevel caving 4 4 3 2 2
Longwall mining 6 5 4 3 3 Remarks
Room and pillar -49 0 3 5 6 VW 0-20
Shrinkage stoping 0 0 2 4 4 W 21-40
Cut & fill stoping 3 5 4 3 3 M 41-60
Top slicing 0 0 2 3 3 S 61-80
Square set stoping 4 4 1 0 0 VS 81-100

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 Metode Numerik: RMR
Foot wall RMR
Mining method
VW W M S VS
Open pit 2 3 4 4 4
Block caving 3 3 3 2 2
Sublevel stoping 0 0 2 3 3
Sublevel caving 1 2 3 3 3
Longwall mining - - - - - Remarks
Room and pillar - - - - - VW 0-20
Shrinkage stoping 0 0 2 3 3 W 21-40
Cut & fill stoping 3 3 2 2 2 M 41-60
Top slicing 0 0 1 2 2 S 61-80
Square set stoping 3 1 0 0 0 VS 81-100

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 Metode Numerik: sc/s1
Ore zone sc/s1
Mining method
VW W M S
Open pit 4 3 3 3
Block caving 4 2 1 0
Sublevel stoping 0 2 4 4
Sublevel caving 2 3 3 2
Longwall mining 6 5 2 1
Room and pillar 0 0 3 6 Remarks
Shrinkage stoping 0 1 3 4 VW <5
Cut & fill stoping 0 1 3 3 W 5-10
Top slicing 3 2 1 0 M 10-15
Square set stoping 4 3 1 0 S >15

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 Metode Numerik: sc/s1
Hanging wall
Mining method sc/s1
VW W M S
Open pit 3 3 4 4
Block caving 4 3 2 0
Sublevel stoping 0 1 4 5
Sublevel caving 4 3 2 1
Longwall mining 6 5 2 2
Room and pillar 0 0 2 6 Remarks
Shrinkage stoping 0 1 3 4 VW <5
Cut & fill stoping 3 5 4 2 W 5-10
Top slicing 3 2 2 2 M 10-15
Square set stoping 4 2 1 0 S >15

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 Metode Numerik: sc/s1
Foot wall sc/s1
Mining method
VW W M S
Open pit 3 3 4 4
Block caving 4 3 2 1
Sublevel stoping 0 1 3 3
Sublevel caving 1 2 2 2
Longwall mining - - - -
Room and pillar - - - - Remarks
Shrinkage stoping 0 2 3 3 VW <5
Cut & fill stoping 1 3 2 2 W 5-10
Top slicing 2 2 1 1 M 10-15
Square set stoping 3 2 0 0 S >15

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Dasar-Dasar Block Caving

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Development

Sumber: Tamrock

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Undercutting

Sumber: Tamrock

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Extraction/Production

Sumber: Tamrock

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 Metode Block Caving
 Merupakan metode penambangan bawah tanah dengan biaya
produksi per ton paling murah jika diterapkan secara tepat
(Pillar, 1981; Tobie and Julin, 1982).
 Merupakan salah satu sumber penting produksi mineral pada
skala dunia (Laubscher, 1994).
 Bukan metode penambangan yang sederhana.

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 Parameter Penting Block Caving
CAVABILITY PRIMARY FRAGMENTATION DRAWPOINT SPACING
Rock mass strength Rock mass strength Fragmentation
Rock mass structure Geological structure Overburden load and direction
In situ stresses Joint/fracture spacing Friction angle of caved particles
Induced stresses Joint condition ratings Practical extraction size
Hydraulic radius of orebody Stress or subsidence caving Stability of host rock mass
Water Induced stresses Induced stresses
DRAW HEIGHTS LAYOUT ROCKBURST POTENTIAL
Capital Fragmentation Regional and induced stresses
Orebody geometry Drawpoint spacing and size Rock mass strength/modulus
Excavation stability Method of draw Structures
Mining sequence
SEQUENCE UNDERCUTTING SEQUENCE INDUCED CAVE STRESSES
Cavability Regional stresses Regional stresses
Orebody geometry Rock mass strength Area of undercut
Induced stresses Rockburst potential Shape of undercut
Geological environment Rate of advance Rate of undercutting
Rockburst potential Ore requirements Rate of draw
Production requirements
Influence od adjacent operations
Water inflow

Sumber:
Laubscher, D.H. 1994. Cave mining-the state of the art. J. S. Afr. Min. and Metall.,94(10), pp. 279-293.

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 Parameter Penting Block Caving
DRILLING AND BLASTING DEVELOPMENT EXCAVATION STABILITY
Rock mass strength Layout Rock mass strength
Powder factor Sequence Regional and induced stresses
Rock mass stability (drill hole closure) Production Rockburst potential
Required fragmentation Drilling and blasting Excavation size
Height of undercut Draw height
Mining sequence
PRIMARY SUPPORT PRACTICAL EXCAVATION SIZE METHOD OF DRAW
Excavation stability Rock mass strength Fragmentation
Rockburst potential In situ stresses Practical drawpoint spacing
Brow stability Induced stresses Practical size of excavation
Caving stresses
Secondary blasting
RATE OF DRAW DRAWPOINT INTERACTION DRAW COLUMN STRESSES
Fragmentation Drawpoint spacing Draw column height
Method of draw Fragmentation Fragmentation
Percentage hang-ups Time frame of working drawpoints Homogeneity of ore fragmentation
Secondary breaking requirements Draw control
Draw height interaction
Height to base ratio
Direction of draw

Sumber:
Laubscher, D.H. 1994. Cave mining-the state of the art. J. S. Afr. Min. and Metall.,94(10), pp. 279-293.

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 Parameter Penting Block Caving
SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION SECONDARY BLASTING/BREAKING DILUTION
Rock-block shape Secondary fragmentation Orebody geometry
Draw height Draw method Fragmentation size distribution
Draw rate – time-dependent failure Drawpoint size Fragmentation range of unpaid ore and waste
Rock-block workability Size of equipment and grizzly spacing Grade distribution of paid and unpaid ore
Range in fragmentation size Drawpoint interaction
Draw control program Secondary breaking
Draw control
TONNAGE DRAWN SUPPORT REPAIR ORE/GRADE EXTRACTION
Level interval Tonnage drawn Mineral distribution
Drawpoint spacing Point and column loading Method of draw
Dilution percentage Brow wear Rate of draw
Secondary blasting Dilution percentage
Ore losses
SUBSIDENCE
Major geological structure
Rock mass strength
Induced stresses
Depth of mining

Sumber:
Laubscher, D.H. 1994. Cave mining-the state of the art. J. S. Afr. Min. and Metall.,94(10), pp. 279-293.

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 Tegangan In Situ

Hartami, P.N. 2005. Kajian penentuan besar dan arah

tegangan in situ batuan di bawah tanah dengan uji
rekah hidrolik dan uji emisi akustik. Disertasi, Institut
Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.

Kramadibrata, S., Wattimena, R.K., Kamil, I., Rai, M.A.,

Widijanto, E. 2008. Application of AE for determining
in situ stress at UG mine. Proc. ARMS5, Tehran.

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 Modulus Deformasi Massa Batuan

Wattimena, R.K., Sulistianto, B., Matsui, K., Dwinagara, B., Barnas, E. 2006. Measuring rock mass modulus of
deformation in a stoping affected cross-cut in Pongkor underground gold mine. Proc. ARMS4, Singapore

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Kekuatan Jangka Panjang Massa Batuan

1993 2013
Wattimena, R.K., Munir, S., Simangunsong, G.M., Dwinagara, B., Ardianto, A., Azizi,
M.A., dan Soelarno, S.W. 2013. Laporan Investigasi, Kementerian ESDM

Wattimena, R.K., Rai, M.A., Kramadibrata, S., Arif, I., and

Dwinagara, B. 2008. Estimating rock mass long-term
strength using in situ measurement and testing results.
Proc. ARMS5, Tehran..

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 Distribusi Karakteristik Massa Batuan
Fungsi Distibusi Probabilitas
Jenis batuan
GSI mb s a c f
Batulumpur Normal Gamma Gamma Lognormal Lognormal Gamma
Batupasir Normal Normal Beta Lognormal Lognormal Lognormal
Batubara Normal Gamma Beta Lognormal Beta Gamma
Azizi, M.A. 2014. Pengembangan metode penentuan reliabilitas kestabilan lereng tambang terbuka
batubara di Indonesia. Disertasi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.

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 Potensi Rockburst

Wattimena, R.K., Sirait, B., Widodo, N.P., and Matsui, K. 2012.

Evaluation of rockburst potential in a cut-and-fill mine using
energy balance”. Int. J. Japanese Comm. Rock Mech., 8: 19-23.

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 Potensi Rockburst
From: Zhengzhao Liang (Tunnelling and
Underground Space Technology) Abstract:
[mailto:[email protected]] The evaluation of rockburst is becoming increasingly
Sent: 29 October 2017 17:41 important as mining activities reach greater depths
To: [email protected] below the ground surface. In the literature, rockburst
Subject: Review invitation for TUST_2017_798 assessment has been tackled by many researchers
with various methods. However, there has not been a
Ref: TUST_2017_798 study that examines and compares different
Title: Evaluation method of Rockburst: State-of-the- rockburst assessment methods. In this paper,
art Literature Review rockburst classification and its varying definitions
Journal: Tunnelling and Underground Space are briefly summarized. A comprehensive review of
Technology the research efforts since 1965 then follows. This
includes empirical, numerical, statistical and
Dear Professor Wattimena, intelligent classifier methods. Of particular
I would like to invite you to review the above- significance is that in all the above-mentioned
referenced manuscript. To maintain our journal's techniques, the review highlights the source of
high standards we need the best reviewers, and given datasets, timeline of study and the comparative
your expertise in this area I would greatly appreciate performance of various techniques in terms of their
your contribution. prediction accuracy wherever available. The review
I kindly ask you to give this review invitation the also lists current achievements, limitations and some
same consideration that you would want one of your promising directions for future research.
own manuscripts to receive.

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Perancangan Block Caving

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Penelitian University of Queensland

 Harries, N.J. 2001. Rock mass characterisation for cave

mine engineering. PhD thesis, University of Queensland,
Brisbane.
 Mawdesley, C. 2002. Predicting rock mass cavability in
block caving mines. PhD thesis, University of
Queensland, Brisbane.
 Eadie, B. 2003. A framework for modelling
fragmentation in block caving. Ph D thesis, University of
Queensland, Brisbane.
 Wattimena, R.K. 2003. Designing undercut and
production level drifts in block caving mines. PhD
thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

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 Cavability

Mawdesley, C., Trueman, R., and Whiten, W. 2001. Extending the Mathews Stability
Graph for open-stope design. Trans Instn Min Metall, Sect A: Min Technol, 110: A27-39.

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Pelajaran dari Northparkes

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 Desain – Pengalaman

1. Use advance undercutting. If advance undercutting is not

possible, minimise the percentage extracted for drift and
drawpoint development in the production level.
 High stresses exist below the undercut front that can cause
damage to pre-existing excavations in the production level.
 Higher extraction percentages in the production level will
increase stress levels there further.

Sumber:
Butcher, R.J. 1999. Design rules for avoiding draw horizon damage in deep level block caves. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min.
andMetall., 99(3), pp. 151-155.

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 Undercutting

???

???
Wattimena, R.K., 2003. Designing undercut and production level
drifts in block caving mines. PhD thesis, University of Queensland,
Brisbane.

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 Desain – Pengalaman

2. Minimise the creation of horizontal irregularities in the

undercut front.
 Stresses concentrate in these irregularities and increase
the level of damage experienced in the production level.
3. Prior to continuous caving being achieved, keep the rate of
undercutting greater than the rate of damage to the
production level.
 The longer excavations are subjected to the high stresses
below the undercut front, the greater the damage will be.

Sumber:
Butcher, R.J. 1999. Design rules for avoiding draw horizon damage in deep level block caves. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min.
andMetall., 99(3), pp. 151-155.

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 Desain – Pengalaman

4. Place the undercut as high as practically possible above the

production level.
 Stresses decrease with distance below the undercut front.
5. Advance the cave from the weakest ground to the strongest
ground to achieve continuous caving as early as possible.
 Stresses at the undercut front increase with the hydraulic
radius necessary to achieve continuous caving.
 Stresses at the undercut front reduce once continuous
caving is achieved.

Sumber:
Butcher, R.J. 1999. Design rules for avoiding draw horizon damage in deep level block caves. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min.
andMetall., 99(3), pp. 151-155.

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 Tegangan Terinduksi

Wattimena, R.K. 2003. Designing undercut and production level drifts in block caving
mines. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

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Tegangan Terinduksi: Production Level

Wattimena, R.K. 2003. Designing undercut and production level drifts in block caving mines.
PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

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 Tegangan Terinduksi: Drifts

Wattimena, R.K. 2003. Designing undercut and production level drifts in

block caving mines. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

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 Tegangan Terinduksi:Drifts

Trueman, R., Pierce, M., and Wattimena, R.K. 2002. Quantifying stresses and support
requirements in the undercut and production level drifts of block and panel caving mines.
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 39: 617–632.

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Desain – MRMR

Laubscher, D.H. and Jakubec, J. 2001. The MRMR rock

mass classification system for jointed rock masses. In
International Case Studies in Underground Mining, (Ed.
W.A. Hustrulid). SME: New York, pp. 474-481

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 Desain – MBR

Kendorski, F.S., Cummings, R.A., Bieniawski, Z.T., and Skinner, E.H. 1983. Rock mass
classifications for block caving drift support. Proc 5th Int. Congr. Rock Mech., Balkema:
Rotterdam, B51-63

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 Desain – Hybrid Numeric-Empiric
In situ stress regime

Large scale model

NUMERICAL
Induced stresses below/ahead
cave/undercut front

Small-scale model of Small-scale model of

production level undercut level

Induced stresses around Induced stresses around

production & drawpoint undercut
drifts drifts

Empirical relations Empirical relations

Level of damage and Level of damage and

Strength Reduction Factor Strength Reduction Factor
(SRF) (SRF)
EMPIRICAL

Q classifi cation system Q classifi cation system

Support requirements Support requirements

Validation/calibration data Wattimena, R.K. 2003. Designing undercut and

from block caving mines
production level drifts in block caving mines.
PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
FINAL FINAL
Support requirements Support requirements

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 Desain – Hybrid Numeric-Empiric
Penyangga level produksi
Tambang
Estimasi Aktual
 Baut batuan 2.3 m  Baut batuan 2.4 m
Teniente 4-South, Chile  Spasi 1.1 m  Spasi 0.75 m
 Beton tembak 120 mm  Beton tembak 100 mm
 Baut batuan 2.4 m  Baut batuan 2.4 m
Palabora, South Africa  Spasi 1.5 m  Spasi 1.0 – 1. 25 m
 Beton tembak 50 mm  Beton tembak 50 mm
 Baut batuan 2.4 m  Baut batuan 2.4 m
Northparkes Lift I, Australia  Spasi 1.6 m  Spasi 1.0 m
 Beton tembak 50 mm  Beton tembak 50 mm
 Baut batuan 2.2 m  Baut batuan 2.4 m
Andina Panel II dan III, Chile  Spasi 1.5 m  Spasi 1.0 m
 Beton tembak 100 mm  Beton tembak 100 mm
 Baut batuan 2.3 m  Baut batuan 2.3 m
Teniente Esmeralda, Chile  Spasi 1.7 m  Spasi 1.0 m
 Beton tembak 45 mm  Beton tembak 75 mm
Wattimena, R.K. 2003. Designing undercut and production level drifts in block caving mines.
PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

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Penelitian University of Queensland

 Power, G.R. 2004. Modelling granular flow in caving

mines: Large scale physical modelling and full scale
experiments. PhD thesis, University of Queensland,
Brisbane.
 Halim, A.E. 2006. Study of the influence of interactive
draw upon drawpoint spacing in block and sublevel
caving mines. Ph D thesis, University of Queensland,
Brisbane.
 Castro, R.L. 2007. Study of the mechanisms of gravity
flow for block caving. PhD thesis, University of
Queensland, Brisbane.

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 Draw Control

Laubscher, D.H. 2000. Block Caving Manual. Prepared for Caving Study. JKMRC and Itasca
Consulting Group Inc., Brisbane. 445p

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Pemantauan pada Block Caving

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 Deformasi Panel

Sumber:Tamrock

Wattimena, R.K., Widijanto, E., and Sahupala, H. 2005. Convergence monitoring for evaluating the stability of
extraction level after drawpoints closing in DOZ underground mine, PT Freeport Indonesia. Proc. 3rd Int. Sym.
Earth Sci Tech, Fukuoka.

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 Deformasi Drawpoint

Foto sumbangan dari PT Freeport Indonesia

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 Deformasi dan Tegangan Terinduksi

a. Massa batuan forsterite b. Massa batuan HALO

Wattimena, R.K., Widijanto, E., and Ernawan, R. 2006. Correlating apparent stresses predicted by microseismic
monitoring and tunnel displacements measured with convergencemeter in the DOZ block caving mine. Proc.
ARMS4, Singapore.

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Contoh: Grasberg Block Cave

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Terima Kasih

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untuk mereka yang
pernah, sedang, dan akan
belajar mekanika batuan dan
perancangan konstruksi bawah tanah

termasuk
para insinyur masa depan di
HMTT Usakti

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