Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics

Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics

Course Facilitator: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Arif

Assistant Professor: Dr. Muhammad Arif | Email: [email protected]

 INTRODUCTION

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Arif

Qualification: Ph.D
Designation: Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering

Name
City
Brief about you?

Course: Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics

 Time Table

CHEN-2103 Fluid Mechanics-I

Credit Hours 3 (Theory)

Contact Hours 3 (Theory)

Classes as per timetable, Check Time Table

Course: Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics

 Rules

• Strictly follow the instructions

• Cell Phones (Switch off / vibration/ Silent)
• Attendance would be at start of class (Late comers, only
meet at end of lecture via CR/GR)
• Be Punctual
• No permission needed to enter class (don’t disturb others)
• Quiz / Assignments would be via LMS only (No Manual)
• Lectures / Books shared via LMS / OCW only
Course: Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics
 INTRODUCTION
Course Objectives:
 
Linear Equations
 
Systems of Linear Equations
Mathematical Functions
Linear functions, Applications
Quadratic and Polynomial Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 

Course Outline:
Mathematics of Finance

Linear equations…..  
Linear Programming: An Introduction

The Simplex and Computer Solution

Methods
Transportation and Assignment Models

Differentiation
 
Optimization Methodology
Optimization Applications
Integral Calculus: an Introduction
Integral Calculus: Applications
Optimization: Functions of Several Variables

Course: Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics

 INTRODUCTION

Books:
1. 1. Budnick F.S. (1993). Applied Mathematics for Business, Economics and Social
Sciences (4thedition). McGraw Hill Higher Education
2. 2. Ernest F. Haeussler. Jr. & Richard S. Paul. (1999). Introductory Mathematical
Analysis for Business, Economics and life & Social Science (9th Edition).
3. 3. Steven T. Karris. 2nd edition. Mathematics for business, Science, and
Technology with MATLAB and spreadsheet applications. Orchard Publication.

Course: Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics

 Lecture Objectives

 Introduction to Linear Equations

Course: Math-1105 Fundamental of Mathematics

 Introduction Lecture

 Organizational details regarding contact details, lectures’

timetable, consultation hours, class room rules and
regulations, class attendance, overall marks distribution,
assignments, and quizzes, Course Overview.

Course: ENSC-2104 Environmental Pollution

 Linear Equations
• Definition: Linear equations are first degree equations. Each
variable in the equation is raised to the first power. Definition:
A linear equation involving two variables x and y has the
standard form : ax + by= c
where a, b and c are constants and a and b cannot both equal
zero
• Examples:
1. 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 7 is linear equation, where 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 7
2. √𝑥 = 5 + 𝑦 is non-liner equation as power of 𝑥 is not 1.
 Linear Equations
Ax + By = C
●The exponent of each variable is 1.
●The variables are added or subtracted.
●A or B can equal zero.
●A > 0
●Besides x and y, other commonly used variables are
m and n, a and b, and r and s.
●There are no radicals in the equation.
●Every linear equation graphs as a line.
Linear Equations
Examples of linear equations
Equation is in Ax + By =C form
2x + 4y =8
Rewrite with both variables
6y = 3 – x on left side … x + 6y =3

B =0 … x + 0 y =1
x=1
Multiply both sides of the equation
-2a + b = 5 by -1 … 2a – b = -5

Multiply both sides of the equation

by 3 … 4x –y =-21
 Examples of Nonlinear Equations

The following equations are NOT in the

standard form of Ax + By =C:
4x2 + y = 5 The exponent is 2
There is a radical in the equation
xy + x = 5 Variables are multiplied
s/r + r = 3 Variables are divided
 Solution set of an equation
• Given a linear equation ax + by= c, the solution set for the
equation is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) which satisfy the
equation.
• 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐}
For any linear equation, S consists of an infinite number of
elements
Method
1. Assume a value of one variable
2. Substitute this into the equation
3. Solve for the other variable
Example
Given 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 16 , determine the pair of values which
satisfy the equation when x=2
Solution set of an equation
Solution set of an equation
 Graph -2x + 3y = 12
Which graphing method is easiest?
Using x- and y-intercepts!
(The equation is in standard form)

Remember, plug in 0 to find the

intercepts.
 Review: Graphing with intercepts:
-2x + 3y = 12
1. Find your x-intercept:
Let y = 0
-2x + 3(0) = 12
x = -6; (-6, 0)
2. Find your y-intercept:
Let x = 0
-2(0) + 3y = 12
y = 4; (0, 4)
3. Graph both points and draw a line through them.
Solution set of an equation
 Linear equation with n variables
• Definition
A linear equation involving n variables x1, x2, . . . , xn has the
general form
𝑎 1𝑥 1+ 𝑎 2 𝑥 2 + . . . + 𝑎 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = b
where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ , 𝑎 𝑛 are non-zero.
Definition:
The solution set S of a linear equation with n variables as defined
above is the collection of n-tuples (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑥 𝑛 ) such that 𝑆 =
{(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑥 𝑛 ) | 𝑎1𝑥1+ 𝑎 2 𝑥 2 + . . . + 𝑎 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = b}.
As in the case of two variables, there are infinitely many values
in the solution set.
Example
Given an equation 4𝑥 - 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 = 0, what values satisfy
the equation when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1
 Graphing two variable equations
• A linear equation involving two variables graphs as a straight line
in two dimensions.
Method:
1. Set one variable equal to zero
2. Solve for the value of other variable
3. Set second variable equal to zero
4. Solve for the value of first variable
5. The ordered pairs (0, y) and (x, 0) lie on the line
6.Connect these points and extend the line in both
directions.
 Example
• Graph the linear equation 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 16
Solution:
x-intercept
The x-intercept of an equation is the point where the graph of the
equation crosses the x-axis, i.e. y=0.
y-intercept
The y-intercept of an equation is the point where the graph of
the equation crosses the y-axis, i.e. x=0
 x and y -intercepts

●The x-intercept is the point where a line crosses the

x-axis.
The general form of the x-intercept is (x, 0).
The y-coordinate will always be zero.

●The y-intercept is the point where a line crosses the

y-axis.
The general form of the y-intercept is (0, y).
The x-coordinate will always be zero.
 Finding the x-intercept

●For the equation 2x + y = 6, we know that y must equal

0. What must x equal?

●Plug in 0 for y and simplify.

2x + 0 = 6
2x = 6
x=3
●So (3, 0) is the x-intercept of the line.
 Finding the y-intercept

●For the equation 2x + y = 6, we know that x must equal 0.

What must y equal?

●Plug in 0 for x and simplify.

2(0) + y = 6
0+y=6
y=6
●So (0, 6) is the y-intercept of the line.
 To summarize….

●To find the x-intercept, plug in 0 for y.

●To find the y-intercept, plug in 0 for x.

Find the x and y- intercepts of x = 4y – 5
●x-intercept: ●y-intercept:
●Plug in y = 0 ●Plug in x = 0
x = 4y - 5 x = 4y - 5
x = 4(0) - 5 0 = 4y - 5
x=0-5 5 = 4y
x = -5 =y
●(-5, 0) is the
x-intercept ●(0, ) is the
y-intercept
Find the x and y-intercepts of g(x) = -3x – 1*
●x-intercept ●y-intercept
●Plug in y = 0 ●Plug in x = 0
g(x) = -3x - 1 g(x) = -3(0) - 1
0 = -3x - 1 g(x) = 0 - 1
1 = -3x g(x) = -1
=x ●(0, -1) is the
●( , 0) is the y-intercept
x-intercept

*g(x) is the same as y

Find the x and y-intercepts of 6x - 3y =-18
●x-intercept ●y-intercept
●Plug in y = 0 ●Plug in x = 0
6x - 3y = -18 6x -3y = -18
6x -3(0) = -18 6(0) -3y = -18
6x - 0 = -18 0 - 3y = -18
6x = -18 -3y = -18
x = -3 y=6
●(-3, 0) is the ●(0, 6) is the
x-intercept y-intercept
Find the x and y-intercepts of x = 3
● x-intercept ● y-intercept
● Plug in y = 0. A vertical line never
●

There is no y. Why? crosses the y-axis.

● There is no y-intercept.
● x = 3 is a vertical line

so x always
equals 3.
● (3, 0) is the x-intercept. x

y
Find the x and y-intercepts of y = -2
● x-intercept ● y-intercept
● Plug in y = 0. ● y = -2 is a horizontal line
y cannot = 0 because so y always equals -2.
y = -2. ● (0,-2) is the y-intercept.
● y = -2 is a horizontal

line so it never crosses

the x-axis.
x
●There is no x-intercept.

y
Find the x and y-intercepts of y = -2

The solution to a system of equations is the point or points

that make both equations true. Systems of equations can have
one solution, no solutions, or an infinite number of solutions.

There are various methods to solving a system of equations.

One is the graphing method.

On a graph, the solution to a system of equations can be easily

seen. The solution to the system is the point of intersection,
the point at which two lines cross or meet.
Example
A linear equation is an equation whose
solutions fall on a line on the
coordinate plane. All solutions of a
particular linear equation fall on the
line, and all the points on the line are
solutions of the equation.
Look at the graph to the left, points
(1, 3) and (-3, -5) are found on the line
and are solutions to the equation.
 Example
The equation
y = 2x + 6
is a linear equation
because it is the
graph of a straight
line and each time x
increases by 1 unit, y
increases by 2
 • Explanation: The slope of a line may be
positive, negative, zero or undefined. The
line with slope
Slope 1. Positive then the line rises from left
to right
Any straight line with the 2. Negative then the line falls from left
exception of vertical lines can be to right
characterized by its slope. Slope 3. Zero then the line is horizontal line
represents the inclination of a line 4.Undefined if the line is vertical line
or equivalently it shows the rate at Note: The sign of the slope represents
which the line raises and fall or whether the line falling
how steep the line is.
or raising. Its magnitude shows the
steepness of the line.
 Continu
e
Two point formula (slope) mathematically
• Given any two point which lie on a • The slope m of a straight line
(non-vertical) straight line,
the slope can be computed as the connecting two points (𝒙 , 𝟏𝒚 ) 𝟏
ratio of change in the value and (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by the
of y to the change in the value of
x. formula
Slope =∆𝒚
∆ 𝒙
Δ𝑦 = cha n ge in the value of y • Slope= 𝒚𝟐−𝒚𝟏
𝒙𝟐−𝒙𝟏
Δ𝑥 = change in the vale of x
 Slope Intercept form

Defination Example
• Consider the general form of two • Rewrite the equation
variable equation as
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 • −𝒙+𝟐𝒚
𝟒
= 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚
We can write it as 𝒚 = −𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒄 The and find the slope and 𝑦-intercept.
𝒃 𝒂
above equation is c alled the Solution:
slope-intercept form. • Rewriting the above we get
Generally, it is written as: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘
𝑚 = slope, 𝑘 = y-intercept • 𝑦 = 𝟏𝟑 𝑥 + 0.
𝟔
• Thus slope is and y-intercept is zero.
 Determining the equation of a straight line

• Slope and Intercept

This is the easiest situation to find an equation of line,
if slope of a line is -5 and y-intercept is (0, 15) then we have m= -5, k = 15.

• We can write down

𝑦 = -5𝑥 + 15
as an equation of line,
• 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15.
 Slope and one point
• If we are given the slope of a line and some point that lies on the line,
we can substitute the know slope m and coordinates of the given
point into 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 and solve for 𝑘.
Given a non-vertical straight line with slope m and containing the
point (𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) the slope of the line connecting (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚 𝟏 ) with
any other point (x, y) is given by 𝐦 = 𝐲−𝐲𝟏
𝐱−𝐱𝟏
Rearranging gives: 𝑦 - 𝒚𝟏 = 𝑚(𝑥 - 𝒙𝟏 )
 Example
• Find the equation of line having slope m = -2 and passing
through the point (2, 8).
Solution: Here (𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (2,8) and 𝑚 = -2, so putting the
values in the above equation yields
𝑦 - 8 = -2(𝑥 - 2)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12.
 Parallel and perpendicular
lines
Parallel lines Perpendicular lines
• Two lines are parallel if they • Two lines are perpendicular if
have the same slope their slopes are equal to the
𝑚1 = 𝑚 2 negative reciprocal of each other
• 𝑚 1 𝑚 2 = -1.
Mr. Ubaid ur Rehman Asghar
Mr. Ubaid ur Rehman Asghar