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Set Operations

The document discusses basic set operations including union, intersection, difference and complement. It provides examples and exercises to demonstrate these operations and how to represent sets and relationships using Venn diagrams.

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Isagani Alonzo
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37 views

Set Operations

The document discusses basic set operations including union, intersection, difference and complement. It provides examples and exercises to demonstrate these operations and how to represent sets and relationships using Venn diagrams.

Uploaded by

Isagani Alonzo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Basic Structures: Sets, Functions,

Sequences, Sums, and Matrices


Set Operations
Set Operations

 Union
 Intersection
 Disjoint
 Difference
 Complement
Union of Sets

An element x belongs to the union of the sets A and B if and only if x belongs to A
or x belongs to B.
Example

 The union of the sets {1, 3, 5} and {1, 2, 3} is the set {1, 2, 3, 5}; that is,
{1, 3, 5} ∪ {1, 2, 3}={1, 2, 3, 5}.

 A={a,b,c}, B={k,l,m}. The union of the two sets is given by


A ∪ B={a,b,c}∪{k,l,m}={a,b,c,k,l,m}.

 C={1,2,3,4}, D={2,4,6,7}. The union of the sets is given by


C ∪ D={1,2,3,4}∪{2,4,6,7}={1,2,3,4,6,7}.

Note that elements are not repeated in a set


Intersection of the sets

An element x belongs to the intersection of the sets A and B if and only if x belongs to A
and x belongs to B. This tells us that
Example

 The intersection of the sets {1, 3, 5} and {1, 2, 3} is the set {1, 3}; that is,
{1, 3, 5} ∩ {1, 2, 3}={1, 3}.
 If A={1,2,3}, B={1,4,5} then A ∩ B = {1}
 If A={1,2,3}, B={4,5} then A ∩ B = ∅
Disjoint

Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Because A ∩ B = ∅, A and B are disjoint

If A={1,2,3}, B={4,5} then A ∩ B = ∅ --- A and B are disjoint


Difference of Sets
Example
 The difference of {1, 3, 5} and {1, 2, 3} is the set {5}; that is,
{1, 3, 5} − {1, 2, 3}= {5}.
 This is different from the difference of {1, 2, 3} and {1, 3, 5}
{1, 2, 3} - {1, 3, 5} = {2}.
 If A={1,2,3}, B={1,2,4,5} then A - B = {3}
 If A={1,2,3}, B={1,2,4,5} then B - A = {4,5}
  If A = { 10, 11, 12, 13 } and B = { 13, 14, 15 }, then
(A - B) = { 10, 11, 12 } and (B - A) = { 14, 15 }. Here, we can see (A - B) ≠ (B - A)
Complement of a Set

The complement of A is the set of everything that is not in A


Example
Exercises
 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {0, 3, 6}. Find
 A∪B =
 A∩B=
 A− B=
 B−A=
 Let A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}. Find
 A∪B =
 A∩B=
 A− B=
 B−A=
Generalized Unions and Intersections
 Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, and C = {0, 3, 6, 9}.
 What are A ∪ B ∪ C and A ∩ B ∩ C?
 Answer:
 The set A ∪ B ∪ C contains those elements in at least one of A, B, and C. Hence, A ∪ B ∪
C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}.
 The set A ∩ B ∩ C contains those elements in all three of A, B, and C.
Thus, A ∩ B ∩ C = {0}.
Exercises

 Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Find


 A ∩ B ∩ C = {4,6}
 A ∪ B ∪ C = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
 (A ∪ B) ∩ C
 A ∪ B = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10}, C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 (A ∪ B) ∩ C = {4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
 (A ∩ B) ∪ C
 (A ∩ B) = {0,2,4,6}, C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 (A ∩ B) ∪ C = {0,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Creating a Venn Diagram

 A={1,3,5,7,9}
B = { 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 }
 The two large circles represent the two sets.
 The numbers which appear in both sets are 7 and 9. These will
go in the central section, because this is part of both circles.
 The numbers 1, 3 and 5 still need to be put in Set A, but not in
Set B, so these go in the left section of the diagram.
 Similarly, the numbers 6, 8 and 10 are in Set B, but not in Set
A, so will go in the right section of the diagram.
 The numbers 2 and 4 are not in either set, so will go outside
the two circles.
 A ∪ B = {1,3,5,6,7,8,9,10}
 A ∩ B = {7,9}
Exercises

U = All the whole numbers from 1 to 10


Set A = { 1 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 }
Set B = { 2 , 6 , 8 , 10 }
Exercises

U = All the whole numbers from 1 to 10


Set A = { 1 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 }
Set B = { 2 , 6 , 8 , 10 }
Exercises

 U= The whole numbers from 1 to 12 


 List set B.
 List set A.
 Which set contains all the even numbers?
  Which set contains only the multiples of 4?
Exercises

 U= The whole numbers from 1 to 12 


 List set B. = 4,8,12
 List set A. = 2,4,6,8,10,12
 Which set contains all the even numbers? = Set A
  Which set contains only the multiples of 4? = Set B
Exercises

 U= The whole numbers from 1 to 20 


 List set E.
  List set S.
 What is the intersection of E and S?
Exercises

 U= The whole numbers from 1 to 20 


 List set E. = 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20
  List set S. = 1,4,9,16
 What is the intersection of E and S? = 4,16
Creating a Venn Diagram
 Given that U = {1, 2, ..., 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 9}, and C = {3, 5, 6,
7, 9}, populate a Venn diagram and use this to find [(A – C) ∪ B].
Exercises

 U= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
 Given that A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
populate a Venn diagram.
References

 Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications by Rosen, K.


 https://www.purplemath.com/modules/venndiag3.htm
 https://www.cimt.org.uk/projects/mepres/book7/bk7i1/bk7_1i3.htm
 https://www.math24.net/set-operations-venn-diagrams
 http://amsi.org.au/teacher_modules/Sets_and_venn_diagrams.html
 https://www.cs.odu.edu/~toida/nerzic/level-a/set/set_operations.html
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/set-operations

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