ENGINEERED SYSTEM FOR

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

NURHUSNA BT ABU BAKAR (GNAB)
 Residential
Commercial (low rise &
high rise)

 Handling ,
separation & storage
 AT SOURCE

Industrial
Low-rise Detached Dwellings
 Curb side – property owners are responsible for placing
containers to be emptied on the day of collection
 Alley – if alleys is part of the basic layout of the area, alley
storage of containers are used.
 Setout-setback – the containers are taken out of the properties
to be emptied and set back afterwards by the collection crew
Low-rise Detached Dwellings
 Setout – similar to setout-setback, but property owners
responsible in returning the containers to their storage locations
 Backyard carry – requires wheeled caddy to roll filled
containers
 Low-and Medium-Rise Apartments

 owner provide area for storage of solid waste, containers for

recycling are located at the next nearest solid waste collection
area.
 Curb side – typically maintenance staff is responsible for
transporting containers to street
Low-and Medium-Rise Apartments
Outdoor storage and mechanical collection
the containers used for recycling are located within the area, large
waste storage container are located outdoors in special closures and are
emptied mechanically using collection vehicles equipped with
unloading mechanical.
 High-Rise Apartments
 Waste are picked-up by building maintenance/ porters from the
various floors and taken to the basement or to the service area.
 Wastes are taken to the basement or service area by tenants.
 Wastes are bagged, are placed by tenants in vertical chutes;
waste discharge in chutes are collected in
large containers, compacted or baled directly.
Commercial-Industrial Facilities
 Both manual and mechanical collection are used
 Due to traffic congestion, collections are done very early in the
morning or late evenings
 Collected in large containers placed on the curb
 Large storage containers / stationary compactors / compactors
and other processing equipment.
Commercial-Industrial Facilities

Spiral waste Stationary

bin and moving
compactors
 Waste separated at source typically for recycle, recovery and reuse
 3 principle methods used for collection of recycable materials from
residential sources:
1. Curbside collection using conventional and specially designed collection
vehicles
2. Incidental curbside collection by charitable organization
3. Delivery by residents to drop-off and buyback centers
 The use of specialized piece of equipment – “the claw” and modified
collection vehicle
 Commonly taken to composting facilities
 Street sweeping is also consider yard wastes
 Types of Containers
 The types and capacities – depend on:
 Characteristic of waste
 Types of waste
 Types of collection system
 Frequency of collection
 Available space for the container
 Temporary & disposable containers used for the
storage and collection of waste from the curb /
apartment
Storage container for waste used at
commercial facilities
 STORAGE
A. Effects of Storage

 Putrefaction - Microbial decomposition via bacteria and fungi

leading to vermin and odors.

 Adsorption of Fluids - If more than a week, the water will

become equally distributed, primarily moisture from food and
garden material moving into the paper.

 Contamination - A small volume of paint had great potential to

contaminate a great deal of plastic, an argument for source
separation of recyclables.
Logistic of waste collection

50-70%
$ SWM Residence type,
equipment,
personnel

Difficult &
Different
complex
pattern

(generation,
location, etc)
 Waste collection services
 Separated & Cominggled
Types of collection system, equipment and
personnel requirements

 Collection technology take into consideration surface street

and roadways, over-the road trucks and sturdy container for
storage
 Technology changes will make more the truck and labor more
efficient but the basic collection truck will be used for many
more years
Storage container for waste used at
commercial facilities
 Collection of Noncomtainerized Residential
Yard Waste
 The use of specialized piece of equipment – “the claw” and modified
collection vehicle
 Commonly taken to composting facilities
 Street sweeping is also consider yard wastes
 Waste collection system
 Solid waste collection systems may be classified from several
point of views: mode of operation, equipment used, types of
waste collected
 2 principle types of collection systems according to mode of
operation
1. Hauled container systems (HCS)
2. Stationary container systems (SCS)
HCS
 Collection system where containers used for waste hauled to a Material Recovery
Facility (MRF), transfer station or disposal site, emptied and returned to either
original location or some other location.
 Ideal for high generation rate sources as large containers are used
 Advantages:
 Large containers eliminates handling time, unsightly accumulation and unsanitary
conditions
 flexible where different sizes and shapes of containers can be used
 Only one truck and driver is needed to complete collection cycle, but requires round trip
to emptying sites
 Disadvantages:
 Downside of large containers is low-volume utilization (fraction of total container
volume actually filled with waste)
 Economic advantage of compaction, container size and utilization.
 Three main types of HCSs
1. Hoist truck
2. Tilt-frame container
3. Trash trailer
SCS
 Collection system where containers used for waste hauled to a MRF,
transfer station or disposal site, emptied and returned to either original
location or some other location.
 Ideal for high generation rate sources as large containers are used
 Advantages:
 Large containers eliminates handling time, unsightly accumulation and
unsanitary conditions
 flexible where different sizes and shapes of containers can be used
 Only one truck and driver is needed to complete collection cycle, but requires
round trip to emptying sites
 Disadvantages:
 Downside of large containers is low-volume utilization (fraction of total
container volume actually filled with waste)
 Can be used for all types of wastes
 Systems vary according to type and quality of waste and number of
generation points
 2 main types
1. System with mechanical loaded collection vehicles
2. System with manual loaded collection vehicles
 System with mechanically loaded collection vehicles
 container size and utilization is not critical (compared to using hoist truck)
 Trips to emptying location are made after contents of a number of container have been
collected and compacted and/or vehicle is full
 Variety container sizes are available (450 to 750 L)
 Trucks are not suitable for collection of heavy industrial and bulk rubbish (such as from
demolition sites)
 Location with high volumes of rubbish produced are also difficult to service
 System with manually loaded collection vehicles
 Major application is at residential sources (both comingled and separated) especially
because inaccessible to mechanized loading collection vehicles
 Quantity picked up at each location is small and loading time is short
 Design of collection vehicle intended for use with single collector
 Personnel requirement
 Vary depending on the type of vehicle – mechanical or manual
 Typically, system selection is a function of worker fatigue (with potential of
injury) and capital and maintenance cost of collection vehicle
 High labor – manual; High cost – mechanical
 Number vary between one and three, depending on type of service and
collection equipment
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HCS AND SCS

HCS SCS
Container is moved to disposal site Container remains at site (residential and
commercial)

Used for construction & demolition waste May be manually or mechanically loaded

High generation rates (open markets) Container size and utilization are
important

One drive and frequent trips

 Collection Route
 In either public or private services, it is important to set labor and
equipment requirement for each type of service
 Then, collection route is planned so collector and equipment are used
effectively
 Layout of collection routes involves trial and error, thus a common-sense
(heuristic) process
 Collection System Economics
 Economics include
 Cost of storage container placed at the point of waste generation
 Cost of providing collection services
 Cost of transfer stations that process materials for recovery and movement to
disposal sites
 System managers must measure cost-effectiveness of collection as one component
in ISWM system
 Labor requirements
 Labor efficiency is a measure of productivity on collection routes
 Important parameters for this measurement are crew size, service time, travel
time, and time at discharge sites
 At large cities, more crews are needed per vehicle for manual collection due to
space limitation
 Collection system managers must evaluate equipment and labor combinations in
selecting most cost-effective service
 Collection Cost
 Includes equipment capital, maintenance costs and labor cost
 Most cost-effective system is evaluated by numerous combinations of
collection frequency, equipment and labor
 Typical cost
 TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSFER STATION
 Transfer & Transport
 Part of process of waste handling which involves high loading capacity
truck and transfer stations.
 The functional element - refers to the means, facilities and other
supported accessories.
 Use to affect the transfer of wastes from one location to another, usually
to more distant location
 Also used in conjunction to with MRFs to transport recovered materials
to markets, or waste to energy facilities and to transport residual
materials to landfills.
 The Need for Transfer Operations
Transfer and transport operations become necessity when:

 Haul distance to available processing centers or disposable sites increase and

direct hauling is no longer economically feasible.
 Processing centers and disposable sites are sited in remote locations and cannot
be reached directly by highways.
 Integral part of all types of MRF or integral part of large integrated Material
Recovery/Transfer Stations (MR/TFs).
 For reasons of public safety where individual haul wastes in automobiles,
pickups and other noncommercial haulers and sending to small transfer stations
 The Need for Transfer Operations

Factors effecting attractiveness of transfer operations:

 Occurrence of illegal dumping due to excessive hauling distances
 Location of disposal sites relatively far from collection route (more than 15 km);
e.g KL-Bukit Tagar ~70 km
 Use of small-capacity collection vehicles (generally < 15m3)
 Existence of low-density residential service areas
 Use of hauled container system with relatively small containers for collection of
wastes from commercial sources
Collection vehicle
Processing centers and disposal sites
1. Remote processing facilities or disposal sites
 Transfer operations must be used when processing facilities or disposal site
is located at remote locations where conventional highway transportation is
not feasible
 E.g. transportation of wastes via rail car or ocean-going barges or pipeline
2. Material Recovery Facilities
 Transfer of waste components is an integral part of operation of MRF
 Most of the materials has been removed from the waste steam, transfer
facilities can be smaller
3. Materials Recovery/Transfer Facilities
 Recent trend of SWM is development of large Integrated MR/TFs
 Multipurpose facilities that may include the functions of drop-off center,
separation, composting, bioconversion processes, production of RDF and
transport
 Attractive because of cost savings possibility by combination of several waste
management activities in a single facility
4. Convenience transfer station at Landfill
 Due to safety concerns and many new restrictions on operation of landfills, operators of
landfills have constructed convenience transfer station at the landfill site
 Used for unloading of wastes brought by individual and small-quantity hauler
 Reduce potential for accidents at the working face of the landfill significantly
 Types of Transfer Stations
 Transfer stations are used to accomplish transfer of solid wastes from collection and other small
vehicles to larger transport equipment.
 Transfer stations may be classified into three general types:
 direct-load
 storage-load
 Combined direct-load and discharge-load
 Transfer stations also classified by throughput capacity:
 Small – less than 100 tons/day
 Medium – btw 100 and 500 tons/day
 Large – more than 500 tons/day
Types of Transfer Stations
 1. Direct-load transfer stations
 Wastes from collection vehicles are emptied directly into vehicle to be used to transport them to final
disposition
 In some cases, wastes may be emptied onto unloading platform and then pushed in the transfer vehicles
after recyclables been removed
 Volume of waste that can be stored temporarily on unloading platform called surge capacity or
emergency storage capacity
 Several types of direct-load transfer stations:
 Large capacity direct-load TS without compaction
 Large capacity direct-load TS with compactors
 Medium- and small-capacity direct-load TS with compactors
 Small-capacity direct-load TS used in rural areas
 Small-capacity direct load TS used at landfill disposal
 1. Direct-load transfer stations
Large capacity direct-load TS without compaction
 Unloading dock or platform can be elevated (typically 2-level arrangement) where
collection vehicles discharge wastes into transport trailers
 Or transport trailer can be located in a depressed ramp
 Operation: Arrival at TS > weigh by weightmaster > unload > reweighed > disposal fee
determined > trailer loaded > waste shifted and compacted with clamshell mounted on
rubber-tired tractor > trailer full to allowable tonnage > remove and prepare for haul
operation
1. Direct-load transfer stations
Large capacity direct-load TS with compactors
 Waste compacted directly into the transfer trailers or to produce
waste bales
 Similar operation with TS without compaction except wastes
compacted into large transfer trailers using stationary compactors
1. Direct-load transfer stations
Medium- and small-capacity direct-load TS with
compactors
 Unloading location may be one of the individual
hoppers leading to compactor or one of the
rectangular waste receiving pits
 Pit is equipped with hydraulically power
diaphragm use to push accumulated wastes to
compactor hopper
 In small capacity TS, compacted wastes are
loaded to large container (vs. transfer trailer) and
hauled to disposal site using tilt-frame vehicle
1. Direct-load transfer stations
Small-capacity direct-load TS used in
rural areas
 Covers rural and recreational areas
 Wastes emptied into collection
vehicles for transport to disposal
sites
 Simple design layout where
complex mechanical system are not
suitable
 To facilitate unloading, tops of
containers is set 3 ft above top of
unloading-area platform
1. Direct-load transfer stations
Small-capacity direct load TS used at landfill disposal
 At landfill disposal sites for individuals and small-quantity
haulers
 Facility is also used for recovery of recyclable materials
 Wastes materials are emptied into two large transfer trailers and
hauled to disposal site and return
2. Storage-load transfer stations
 Wastes directly emptied into a storage pit, then loaded into transport vehicles by various type
of auxiliary equipment
 Storage is designed to store waste typically between 1 and 3 days
 Several types of storage-load transfer stations:
 Large capacity storage-load TS without compaction
 Medium-capacity storage-load TS with processing and compaction facilities
2. Storage-load transfer stations
Large capacity storage-load TS without compactors
 Incoming trucks routed to computerized weighing station > weigh master record names of unloading
co. > direct truck to main entrance > in TS driver back up trucks at 50o angle to edge of a depressed
central storage pit > unload > drive out of TS
 Within the pit > bulldozer break up wastes > push into loading hopper located at end of pit > waste
fall through hopper into trailer (located on scales in a lower level) > weight limit > loaded trailer
driven out (top cover with wire screens)
 2 bucket type hoists, besides hopper – remove waste that could damage trailer
2. Storage-load transfer stations
Large capacity storage-load TS
without compactors
2. Storage-load transfer stations
Medium-capacity storage-load TS with processing
and compaction facilities
 Waste discharge into storage pit > pushed onto conveyor system to transport to shredder > after
shredding ferrous metal remove > waste compacted into trailers
3. Combined Direct-load & Discharge-load
transfer stations
 Multipurpose facilities service broader range of users
 Can also be a household MRF
3. Combined Direct-load & Discharge-load
transfer stations
 Operation
1. Large commercial trucks weighed > customer ticket stamped > driver unload waste at platform
directly to transport trailer > truck reweighed > turns in customer ticket > pay discharge fee
2. Individual residence vehicle check in at scale house > attendance visually checks waste load to
determine recyclable materials > proceed to recycling area (assist by TS employer) > public
unloading area > drive to scale house and pay fee > Waste accumulated pushed periodically into
transfer trailer loading hopper by rubber-tired loader
 No weighing for public waste unloading
 The public unloading area is separated from direct-load area by two 40-ft trailer loader
openings
 Caution in design and selecting this TS as cost is often not justified
 Station also should be separated to prevent interference and accidences between large
collection trucks and small private vehicles
 Physical separation of discharge area best way to maintain system efficiency
Transfer and Transport Operation at MRFs
and MR/TFs
 Transfer operation at MRFs involve loading of trailers with residual material after separation
from recyclables and separated & processed materials
 Direct-load: when open top trailers are used
 Storage-load: processed wastes (e.g. bales) are loaded to transfer trailer
 Transfer operation at MR/TFs involve both direct and storage-load
 Direct-load: similar to MRFs, with addition of conveyors to transport residual materials
 Storage-load: Conveyors directly discharge residual materials in storage pit; collection vehicles can
also discharge here
Transport Means and Methods
 Motor vehicle transport
 Railroad transport
 Water transport
 Pneumatic, hydraulic and other systems of transport
1. Motor Vehicle Transport
 Point of final disposition can be reached by motor vehicles
 E.g. trailers, semi-trailers and compactors
 Vehicles used for hauling on highways should:
 Waste must be transported at minimum costs
 Waste must be covered during haul operation
 Vehicle must be designed for highway traffic
 Vehicle capacity must not exceed allowable limit
 Unloading methods should be simple and dependable
1. Motor Vehicle Transport
 Transport vehicles for un-compacted wastes
1. Open-top semitrailers:
 Simple and dependable – widely accepted for hauling uncompacted wastes from direct-load TS (Fig 10-18 a
and c)
 Monoque construction – bed of trailer serves as frame of trailer which allows greater waste volumes and
weights to be hauled
2. Drop-bottom trailers:
 Bottom of the center portion of trailer is lowered (Fig 10-18c)
 Increased additional capacity without increasing length of trailer
 Highway transport vehicle
 Depends on the regulation on the federal road
 Usually limit outer dimension of vehicles or combination of vehicles, weight per axle and total weight
 To maximize payload, trailers designed with additional axles
1. Motor Vehicle Transport
 Transport vehicles for un-compacted wastes
1. Motor Vehicle Transport
 Transport vehicles for un-compacted wastes
 Methods of unloading transport trucks, trailers, semi-trailers and pull trailers
1. Self-emptying – have hydraulic mechanisms e.g. hydraulic dump beds, powered internal diaphragms,
moving floor (Fig 10-19)
2. Require aid of auxiliary equipment – pull-off type (wastes are pulled out of truck by either a movable
bulkhead or wire-cable) and movable hydraulic operated tipping ramps (10-21)
1. Motor Vehicle Transport
 Transport vehicles for compacted wastes
1. Semi-trailer with stationary compactors
 Uses diaphragm to allow more waste to be compacted within and also use to unload wastes (via pressure)
2. Large-capacity containers
 Sometimes utilize stationary compactor, sometimes compactor is part of the container
 For container-compactor – movable bulkhead used to compress waste is also used to discharge compacted
wastes
 For container (w/o compactor) – unloaded by tilting containing, fall by gravity
2. Railroad Transport
 Common transport method in the past
 Recently, gain interest for hauling solid waste especially from remote landfill areas where highway travel
is difficult with existing railroad lines
 Typically 25-28 tons of waste are compacted into a 40 ft sealed shipping containers mounted on trailer
chassis
 After dropping off the loaded container, driver pick up an empty container and return to transfer station
 Arrive at city, transfer container to truck chassis sent to nearby landfill
 Hydraulic tippers tilt the chassis to discharge the wastes
 Approximately 50 railcars with 100 “piggy-backed” containers
3. Water Transport
 Barges, scows and special boats have been used in the past to transport wastes
 Most common is to use vessels towed by tugs or other special boats
 River barges are also used to transport wastes (UK)
 Major problem often impossible to move barges and boats during heavy seas – waste must be stored
therefore costly
TRANSFER STATION DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
 Although specific design details vary with size, important factors to be
considered must include
1. Type of transfer operation to be used
2. Storage and throughput capacity requirements
3. Equipment and accessory requirement
4. Sanitary requirements
1. Type of Transfer Station
 Basic types has been described previously – direct-load, storage-load, direct-
storage-load
 Key issue is whether waste recovery operations will be incorporated in the TS
facility
 If waste recovery is selected, then adequate area must be available for
collection vehicles to unload
 2. Transfer Station Capacity
Requirements
 Throughput and storage capacity requirements must be evaluated carefully in
planning and design of TS
 Rule of thumb: throughput capacity must be such that collection vehicles do not
wait too long to unload
 TS must not be designed for ultimate peak number of hourly load – not cost-
effective
 Economic trade-off analysis
 Between capacity and unloading time; since capacity is associated with incremental annual
costs
 Between capacity and cost of transport operation (equipment and labor)
 E.g. more cost-effective to increase capacity but with fewer transport vehicles by
increasing working hours than to use smaller station with more transport vehicles
 3. Equipment and Accessory
Requirements
 Depending on the function of TS in waste management system
 Direct-load TS
 Some type of rigs, commonly rubber tired required to push wastes into transfer vehicles
 Another rig to push waste and to equalize load in the transfer vehicles
 Storage-load TS
 One of more tractors are required to break up the waste and push into loading hopper
 Additional equipment needed to distribute wastes and equalize load
 Types and amount required vary with capacity
 Scales should be provided at all medium and large-sized TS – to monitor operation and
develop meaningful management and engineering data
 If TS is used as dispatch center for solid waste collection operation – more complete facilities
should be constructed (e.g. meeting room, offices, toilets, equipment maintenance)
4. Sanitary Requirements
 Environmental requirements
 By proper construction and operation, objection of public on the TS can be minimize
 Enclosed facilities, constructed from easily maintained and cleaned materials
 Air-handling equipment creates negative pressure – to eliminate inadvertent emission
 Fire-proof construction
 Attention on blow wastes – wind screen or other barriers should be used
 Continuous monitoring of the operations to maintain overall sanitation – quick cleaning of
spills, wash down
 Wastewater pre-treatment facilities might be required, must for remote areas TS
4. Sanitary Requirements
 Health and Safety
 Dust inhalation and other DOSH requirements
 Overhead spray use to keep dust down in storage area
 Workers must wear proper PPE especially dust mask
 Tractors in pit area should have enclosed AC and dust-filtering units
 No public should be allowed in the transfer area – even for unloading at large storage-load
TS
LOCATION OF TRANSFER STATIONS
 When ever possible, TS must be located
1. As near as possible to weighted center of individual solid waste production
areas to be served
2. Within easy access of major arterial highway route as well as near secondary or
supplemental means of transportations
3. Minimum public and environmental objection to the transfer operations
4. Where construction and operation will be most economical
5. For MR or Energy production TS – requirement must be assessed
 Seldom all of the above satisfied simultaneously, trade-off analysis need to be
performed
 Selection site based on transportation costs
 Selection site based on operational constraints
 1. Site selection based on
transportation costs
 Ideally, TS should be located so as to minimize transportation costs
 However, difficulties to find place for TS, transportation costs become less
important in selection of transfer station locations