SBEQ 3173

CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

MARINE
STRUCTURE
TEMPORARY
STRUCTURE
 TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
 Temporary structures is a type of
structure that is employed to assist in the
formation of foundations or structures.
 Provide working area at foundation level
from which ground and water is excluded
sufficiently to permit safe working.
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE FOR
MARINE WORKS

Temporary

Cofferdams Caissons
Cofferdam

A cofferdam is an enclosure within a

water environment constructed to allow
water to be pumped out and replaced by
air for the purpose of creating a dry work
environment.
Commonly used for oil rig construction
and repair, bridge and dam work, the
cofferdam is usually a welded steel
structure that is temporary and is
typically dismantled after work is
completed.
Cofferdam
Cofferdam

Working inside a cofferdam can be

hazardous if it is installed improperly or
not safely pressurized, but advances in
engineering have led to increased safety
for workers using this unique work
environment.
Cofferdam

 The choice of material for cofferdam

will depend on the following conditions:
 Location of cofferdam e.g
onshore or offshore

 Depth and size of excavation

V o l u m e o f w a t e r , v e l o c i t y o f f l o w
& tide levels

A c c e s s i b i l i t y o f s i t e
Cofferdam

 Before selecting the type cofferdam to

be used, a full site investigation should
be carried out.
 Borings should be made and samples of
soil tested, in relation to both permanent
and temporary works.
Cofferdam
Selection of cofferdams are due to
factors such as:
 Site Investigation reports
 Whether the cofferdams is required
on land or water
 The size of the working area required
inside the cofferdam
 The nature of the permanent works to
be built
 The amount of water or soil to be
excluded
 Soil Conditions
Cofferdam

Selection of cofferdams are due to

factors such as:
 Water conditions i.e. strength of
flow, wave action, tide or
groundwater range.
 Availability of materials and plant
 Possible effect of the cofferdam
construction on adjacent structures
 Cost in comparison with other
solutions
 Cofferdam

Sheet
Rockfill Gravity Cribs Cellular Precast
Piles
Cofferdam
Cofferdam
Cofferdam
 Sheet Pile Cofferdam

 Can be divided into two distinct types:

 Single skin
which has one or more vertical stages
 Double skin
which has two lines of sheet piles or
circular shells or sheeting filled with
rock or other material
 Sheet Pile Cofferdam

SINGLE SKIN SHEET PILING

 Formed of dimensions suitable to withstand
the external pressures, is driven into an
impermeable stratum and if required supported
above the cantilevered ends by struts, wallings
or anchors.
 The amount and type of support will depend on
external pressures.
 The construction will be the same as other
sheet piling.
 Sheet Pile Cofferdam

DOUBLE SKIN SHEET PILING

 Self supporting gravity structures, of either
the parallel double-sided wall or the cellular
cofferdam types.
 The stability depend on filled materials and
the arrangement of sheet piling.
 The width of the dam should not normally be
less than 0.8 times of the height and retained
water and/or soil.
 Cofferdams which excludes water must be
completed with sluice gates to allow the works
to be flooded.
Cofferdam
Caissons

o Structures which are sunk (at a lower level than

the area around)through ground or water to

provide working space for the purpose of

excavating and executing work at the
prescribed depth, and which subsequently
become an integral part of the permanent
work.
o May be constructed of steel, cast iron
segments or reinforced concrete, or
combination of this materials.
Caissons

o The design of caissons will be

determined by several factors, such as
proposed method of sinking, size of
caissons and nature of the permanent
work.
o The sides of caisson must be free from
bulges and constructed so as not to lose
their shape during sinking. In some cases
steel caissons are strengthened by in-situ
concrete between inner and outer walls
to prevent bucking and to add weight to
prevent floating.
 Caissons

Box Open

Compresse
Monolithic
d Air
 P r e f a b r i c a t e d b o x e s ,
usually in concrete with
sides and bottom, which
are set down on a prepared
base.
T h e b o x i s t h e n f i l l e d w i t h
Box Open
concrete from a massive
foundation for a pier or
similar structure.
U n s u i t a b l e w h e r e
foundations may be subject
to erosion by fast moving
Compresse water but still can be
Monolithic solved by setting the
d Air
caisson on the piled
foundation if the sub-strata
permit the driving of piles.
 S t r u c t u r e s w h i c h a r e o p e n
at both top and bottom and
are suitable for foundations
in the water where the sub-
stratum is soft clay or silt
and therefore easily
Box Open excavated.
S u i t a b l e f o r d e e p
foundations in water.
T h e c a i s s o n s i s s u n k b y
grabbing soil through open
wells. When the caissons
Compresse has reached desired depth,
Monolithic
d Air
the bottom is plugged with
a layer of concrete or
ballast.
 S u i t a b l e f o r s i n k i n g
foundations in troublesome
ground e.g ground
containing obstacles that
require moving by hand.
T h e c a i s s o n i s p o s i t i o n e d
and sunk and then is
lowered into the soil as the
Box Open soil is removed from within
it.
T h i s m e t h o d i s v e r y
suitable for foundations
which by other methods
might result in the
settlement of adjacent
Compresse structures.
Monolithic
d Air T h e a d v a n t a g e s i n c l u d e s
dry working conditions and
accurate levelling.
 S i m i l a r t o o p e n c a i s s o n s
but differ as they are much
heavier.
C o n s i s t o f r e i n f o r c e d
concrete wall of sub-
stantial thickness to
provide sufficient weight to
Box Open prevent overturning.
O f t e n u s e d f o r q u a y w a l l s
which have to resist great
impact forces from ships
coming to berth.
U n s u i t a b l e f o r s i n k i n g
Compresse through very soft deposits
Monolithic
d Air because it would be
difficult to control the
verticality from the
structure.
 Positioning of
Caissons
I f t h e c a i s s o n s i s t o b e f o u n d e d i n a r i v e r
or sea, it may be partly constructed in
dry docks and towed to the site.
T h e c a i s s o n a r e t o w e d o u t t o t h e s i t e b y
tugs and are positioned by one of this
following methods:
P i l i n g e n c l o s u r e o r d o l p h i n s
W i r e c a b l e s o r s u b m e r g e d a n c h o r s
A n c h o r e d p o n t o o n e s o r b a r g e s
R a d i o b u o y s a n d b e a c o n s
 Cofferdam Caissons

 Factors influencing the choice between

two enclosures are ground conditions and
the depth to which work to be taken.
G e n e r a l l y c o f f e r d a m s a r e s u i t a b l e t o
depths up to 18 meters below high water
level, while for the greater depth,
caisson should be employed.
 MARINE
STRUCTURES
 Seawall

Breakwater Docks

MARINE
STRUCTURE

Jetties Wharf
 Benteng Pantai/Laut

Seawall

Pemecah Ombak Limbungan

Breakwater Docks

MARINE
STRUCTURE

Jetties Wharf

Jeti Dermaga
 SEA WALL
 Sea walls are constructed to resist
encroachment by the sea
 It is often incorporated into the
construction of a promenade
 Sea walls are constructed in various
materials: masonry blocks, precast
concrete, in-situ concrete etc.
 SEA WALL
 The design of the wall should minimise
the effect of wave action and prevent the
under-scouring of the foundation.
 Concrete blocks with projecting
reinforcement may be used in conjunction
with an in-situ backing
MASONRY SEA WALL PROMENADE
INSITU CONCRETE SEA WALL
PRECAST SEA WALL
 DOCKS
 Docks may be divided into two types:

DRY DOCKS WET DOCKS

DOCKS
 A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel
that can be flooded to allow a load to be
floated in, then drained to allow that
load to come to rest on a dry platform
 Dry docks are used for the construction,
maintenance, and repair of ships, boats,
and other watercraft

DRY DOCKS
 Dry docks differ in design from wet
docks in that they have to withstand
hydrostatic pressure when the dock is
emptied
 The walls of the dock should be
incorporated with the floor to form a
rigid structure and so reduce uplift

DRY DOCKS
 The walls are normally massive in-situ
structures which are cast in large, deep
trench excavations
 The walls are cast in stages of up to 2
meters thick, with stepped construction
joints

DRY DOCKS
 Longitudinal joints should be
constructed at intervals of 15 meters
 These joints are essentially construction
joints with bars and should be filled with
bitumen or other sealing compound

DRY DOCKS
 The floor of the dock must be strong
enough to distribute a ship’s load without
settlement or undue deflection
 If the load encountered are very high, a
piling support may be adopted, both for
supporting a ship’s load and resisting
uplift
 Lock entrance gates, normally of steel
construction, may be pivoted or sliding.

DRY DOCKS
DRY DOCKS
DRY DOCKS
DRY DOCKS
 A wet dock is a dock where the level of
water in the dock is maintained despite
the raising and lowering of the tide
 This makes transfer of cargo easier. It
works like a lock which controls the water
level and allows movement of ships

WET DOCKS
 Wet docks are large areas of water
bounded by vertical solid walls against
which vessels tie up
 The walls must be impermeable (last long)
to retain the water at high tide level
 Locks are provided if entry to the dock
is desired at times other than high tide

WET DOCKS
 The walls may be formed by sinking
monoliths to a suitable depth and joining
them together with in-situ concrete
 A space of 2 to 3 meters is left between
the monoliths to facilitate jointing and
finishing
 Alternatively, the walls may be
constructed with deep diaphragms,
decking being supported by cross-wall
diaphragm

WET DOCKS
WET DOCKS
WET DOCKS
WET DOCKS
WET DOCKS
 WHARF
 Wharf are berths for shipping which may
retain the surrounding soil or simply
provide mooring facilities
 Those constructed to retain soil are
usually mass concrete walls built by
means of caisson or diaphragm walling
 WHARF
 Open wharf, which provide mooring
facilities at both sides, can be
constructed of piles with concrete decking
 An alternative to in-situ concrete and
caisson construction is the use of precast
concrete blocks.
WHARF
WHARF
 JETTIES
 A jetty is any of a variety of structures
used in river, dock and maritime works.
 The forms and construction of these
jetties are as varied as for their uses.
 Jetties at the coast that have been
raised and extended, help prevent long
shore drift, so therefore slowing down
beach erosion.
 JETTIES
 Jetties jut out into the sea, usually at
right angles to the shore line, although T-
shaped and L-shaped jetties are not
uncommon
 They are open structures, usually of
steel tubular or hexagonal piling with a
heavy concrete deck
 They may be used for offloading heavy
cargoes, in which case the deck may
require extra bracing to the piles
 JETTIES
 The jetty structure must be
designed to withstand impact loads
and ‘bollard pulls’ from berthing
ships
 This is usually accommodated by
r a k i n g p i l e c o n s t r u ct i o n a n d
fendering, the latter to avoid holing
the ship
 JETTIES
 If the sea bed is a rock formation, the
piling construction will not be
economically produced by normal driving
methods.
 Therefore boreholes up to 600 mm
diameter may be bored into the sea bed
and steel or concrete piles grouted in.
JETTIES
JETTIES
JETTIES
JETTIES
JETTIES
JETTIES
JETTIES
JETTIES
 BREAKWATERS
 Breakwaters or moles are constructed in
the outer harbour area to dampen heavy
waves and swell so as to provide easier
entrance and exit of vessels
 They may be constructed with concrete
blocks, rock fill, or a combination of both
 BREAKWATERS
The choice of material will depend upon
the conditions of the site:

Depth of
Water

Foundatio
Range of
n
Tides
Condition

Material
Availabilit Weather
y
 BREAKWATERS
 Vertical-sided breakwaters are suitable
for shallow waters up to 15 meters deep;
working in depths above this proves
difficult for divers who position the block
 Where block work is used, a foundation
is prepared by dredging the marine bed
and laying a concrete base
 Blocks are lowered by cranes operated
from pontoons and are positioned by
divers.
 BREAKWATERS
 As with other large marine structures,
caissons are also commonly used for this type
of work and are particularly suited to
construction of breakwaters in deep waters
 The caisson fill may be rock, sand or
concrete
 Rubble or rock-fill breakwaters are suitable
for both shallow and deep waters
 BREAKWATERS
 The rock fill should contain heavy
stones, ranging from 1 to 5 tonnes
each in weight, to prevent movement
by wave action
 The material is transported and
placed by bottom-opening barges,
some of which have a capacity of
600m3
BREAKWATERS
BREAKWATERS
BREAKWATERS
BREAKWATERS
BREAKWATERS
BREAKWATERS
  A four pronged pre-cast concrete
block, the prongs radiating at 120
degree to each other from a
common centre.
 Each prong is cylindrical in shape
Tetrapod

and slightly truncated (short)

 Blocks of required weight
depending on the height of waves
are simply heaped on the exposed
face of the breakwater wall at a
slope of 1.5 to 1.
Placing ready mix concrete to the mould
 MARINE FACILITIES

Dolphin Bollard Mooring

Fender Quay
Dolphin

Fender Dolphins are individual mooring

points to which vessels may be
tied while waiting to enter a
wharf or dock
Quay They are also used as a guide to
ships entering narrow harbours
Their construction is similar to
Bollard that of jetties

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin
Fenders are used in conjunction
with all the marine constructions
Fender / structures mentioned
They are used to absorb the
kinetic energies produced by
Quay berthing vessels
To achieve the necessary
absorption, they have to be
flexible and may take the form
Bollard of tubes or springs of metal,
rope and plastic

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender Floating fenders, of rubber are

used to distribute loads over
many vertical fenders at the
wharf side
Quay If floating fenders are not used,
the load will normally be applied
at deck level and the deck must
Bollard be protected

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

A landing place, especially one

Fender of solid masonry, constructed
along the edge of a body of
wharf.
Quay Usually constructed parallel to
shore or breakwater within the
harbour.
To permit berthing of vessel
Bollard alongside for cargo working.

Mooring
Dolphin

A bollard is a short vertical post

Fender in various size.
Originally it only meant a post
used on a quay for mooring.
Quay Mooring bollards are seldom
exactly cylindrical, but typically
have a larger diameter near the
top to discourage mooring warps
Bollard (docklines) from coming loose.

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

A vessel is said to be moored

when it is fastened to a fixed
Fender
object such as a bollard, pier, or
quay.
Mooring is often accomplished
Quay using thick ropes called mooring
lines. The lines are fixed to deck
fittings on the vessel at one
end, and fittings on the shore,
Bollard
such as bollards on the other
end.

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender Mooring requires cooperation

between people on the pier and
on a vessel.
For larger vessels, heavy
Quay
mooring lines are often passed
to the people on the shore by
use of smaller, weighted heaving
Bollard lines.

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender
Once the mooring line is
attached to the bollard, it is
pulled tight.
Quay On large ships, this tightening
can be accomplished with the
help of heavy machinery called
mooring winches or capstans.
Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Dolphin

Fender

Quay Number Name Purpose

Prevent backwards
1 Bow line
movement
2 Forward Breast line Keep close to pier

Bollard 3 After Bow Spring line Prevent from advancing

Prevent from moving

4 Forward Quarter Spring line
back
5 Quarter Breast line Keep close to pier
Mooring 6 Stern line
Prevent forwards
movement
Dolphin

Fender

Quay

Bollard

Mooring
Thank
You!