LEARNING

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 TEACHING
“You cannot teach a man anything.
You can only make him discover it within himself”.

-GALILEO-
LEARNING
Learning is not for knowing more but for behaving
better.
-ANONYMOUS-

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LEARNING
1. To live one must eat---
2. To eat one must spend----
3. To spend one must have---
4. To have one must work---
5. To work one must have job ---
6. To retain the job one must involve---
---ANONYMOUS---

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LEARNING
Learning is not confined to one’s schooling.
The world we live is a big school/temple of
learning.
We continue to learn through out our life
from our experiences- From birth to death.
Thus learning is a continuous process.

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DEFINITION OF LEARNING

Learning is “ any relatively permanent change in

behavior that occurs as a result of experience”.

“ Learning can be defined as relatively permanent

change in behavior potentially, that results from
reinforced practice or experience”.

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 LEARNING
I-Learning involves ‘ CHANGE’ .
From organization's point of view the change may be good or bad.
Ex. Hold prejudice restrict output etc.
II. Change should be relatively permanent temporary change may not reflect
any learning. Ex. Temporary change caused by fatigue, drugs in not change.
III. CHANGE IN ‘ACTIONS’- this is concerned with behavior. There should
change in thought process, attitudes.
IV. EXPERIENCE , PRACTICE TRAINING:
Change in behavior should occur as a result of experience, continuous training.
V. REINFORCEMENT OF PRACTICE:
The experience must be reinforced in order to occur learning. If the
reinforcement does not accompany. The practice or experience , the behavior
will disappear.

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 THE PROCESS OF
LEARNING
The process of learning is explained by four theories.-
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive theory
Social learning theory

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CLASSICAL CONDITONING
A typeof ‘conditioning’ in which an individual responds to some stimulus
that would not ordinarily produce such a response
-This theory is explained by three components;
i.Dog
ii.Meat
iii.Bell
-The Russian behaviorist Pavlov conducted an experiment
on a dog salivation and the ringing of a bell.
-Presented the dog with a piece of meat, - noticeable increase in
salivation.
-No meat, merely rang a bell, the dog has no salivation.
-Developed the link- Ring the bell, the give the meat- repeatedly
hearing the bell before getting the food, the dog began to salivate as
soon as the bell rang.
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 Classical conditioning
-Aftera while the dog would salivate merely at the sound of the bell, even if no
food was offered.
Before Conditioning
- CS No
- BELL response

- US UR
- (Food ) (salivation)

-CS= Conditioning stimulus

-US= Unconditioning stimulus
-CR= Conditioning response
-UR= Unconditioning response
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During conditioning
CS
BELL

US UR
(Food) (Salivation)

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After conditioning

CS CR
(BELL) (Salivation)

 Therefore classical conditioning, the

association of one event resulting in a
behavior, is one of the most easy to
understand the process of learning.

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 OPERANT CONDITIONING
 B. F. Skinner, a Harvard Psychologist, argues that behavior is a
function of it’s consequences .
 Behavior is likely to be repeated if the consequences are favorable.
Not repeated if unfavorable.
 The relationship between the behavior and consequence is the
essence of operant conditioning.
 The behavior of the employee is explained by operant
conditioning.
 If a worker in a factory works hard, the manager rewards the
worker for his hard work. The worker repeats his hard work with
renewed enthusiasm.
 The behavior of the employee is explained by operant conditioning
 Example - If a worker in a factory works hard, the manager rewards
the worker for his hard work. The worker repeats his hard work with
renewed enthusiasm.

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 Cognitive theory of learning
 Endward Tolman is widely recognized as a pioneering
cognitive theorist.
 Cognition refers to an individual thought, knowledge,
interpretation, understanding or ideas about himself and his
environment.
 Learner forms a cognitive structure in memory, which
preserves and organizes, information, about the various
events that occurs in learning situation.
 Learning assumes that a person learns the meaning of various
objects, depending upon the meaning assigned to stimulus.
 In cognitive theory, the role of the perceiver, is receiving ,
memorizing, retrieving and interpreting stimuli. The emphasis
is made on reacting also.

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 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
- Social learning theory posits that learning can also take place
via modeling, and self-control processes.
- An individuals learn by observing models- parents, teachers,
peers, motion pictures, bosses and others.
- A person observes how others act and then acquires a
mental pictures of the act and its consequences. (rewards
and punishment)
- The person acts out the acquired images, and if the
consequences are positive, he or she will tend to do it again.
If the consequences are negative, the person will tend not to
do it again.
- Modeling involves interrelated sub processes such as
attention, retention, and motoric reproduction , reinforcement.
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 9.Hindrances in learning

- Cross talk, gossiping, murmuring , hinder the process of

learning.

Preventing the unwanted thoughts,

ideas entering the mind

Steps in Cleaning the mind removing the

learning
unwanted things

Planting good ideas, thoughts

Protecting and developing the good

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Shaping of behavior
1) Punishment
2) Reward

Punishment:
Punishment is anything that weakens behaviour and tends to
decrease it’s subservient frequently. The parents and supervisors
or managers often revert to punishment to modify or control
behaviour.
 To minimize the problems with using punishment, persons
administering it must always provide an acceptable alternative to the
behaviour that is being punished,
 In order to succeed, punishment must be used in an orderly, rationally,
if used with skill and concern for human dignity, if can be useful.

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Rewards

Rewards alters the behavior pattern- becomes critical

to employee performance and organizational success.
Monetary rewards: systems play a dominance role.
Ex. Additional increments higher wages etc.
Non- Monetary rewards: also motivates the
employees to improve the performance.
Social rewards: Recognition, attention and praise tend
to be very powerful social rewards for most people.

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Fringe Benefits
a) Canteen facilities
b) Uniform
c) Medical attention
d) Transport facilities
e) Accommodation
f) Education to children and similar
benefits.

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