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Physicochemical Processes: Dr. Sana Hanif Assistant Professor

Physicochemical processes like precipitation, crystallization, and distillation are used in various applications. Precipitation is used to produce fine particles and purify solids. Crystallization involves the spontaneous arrangement of particles into a repetitive geometric pattern. It requires super-saturation of a solution followed by nucleation and crystal growth. Distillation separates liquids from non-volatile impurities or other liquids by partial vaporization and condensation. Simple distillation can produce partial separation of components with different boiling points.

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31 views

Physicochemical Processes: Dr. Sana Hanif Assistant Professor

Physicochemical processes like precipitation, crystallization, and distillation are used in various applications. Precipitation is used to produce fine particles and purify solids. Crystallization involves the spontaneous arrangement of particles into a repetitive geometric pattern. It requires super-saturation of a solution followed by nucleation and crystal growth. Distillation separates liquids from non-volatile impurities or other liquids by partial vaporization and condensation. Simple distillation can produce partial separation of components with different boiling points.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Zohaib
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL

PROCESSES

Dr. Sana Hanif


Assistant Professor
Lecture:5
Applications:

• The precipitation method is used to produce very fine solid particles, about 0-
1µm.
• It is also used to purify the solids. (Drugs)
• It provides a convenient method of obtaining solid substances in the form of fine
particles, such as the precipitation of calcium carbonate (precipitated chalk).
• In preparation of pharmaceuticals, dyes, paints, printing inks.
• Many consumer products are produced via precipitation processes, such as
magnetic recording media, which contain ferric or chromic oxides, and
photographic materials.
• Precipitation has also played an important role in wastewater treatment (e.g.,
removal of calcium salts).
CRYSTALLIZATION
Definition:
• Crystallization is the spontaneous arrangement of the particles into a repetitive
orderly, i.e., regular geometric patterns.
• Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation technique in which mass
transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase
occurs.
Crystal:
• A crystal can be defined as a solid particle, which is formed by the solidification
(crystallization) process (under suitable environment) in which structural units
are arranged by a fixed geometric pattern or lattice.
• Homogenous solids which possess a definite geometrical shape is called crystal.
CRYSTAL LATTICE:
• Crystal lattice is defined as an orderly arrangement of particles in
three – dimensional space. The Three dimensional arrangement of
particle in a crystal is also known as space lattice

• The smallest geometric portion, which repeat to build up the whole


Crystal, is called a unit cell.
• All crystals are constructed from repeating units called unit cells.
Process of crystallization
There are three major events in the process of crystallization
• Formation of Solution
• Nucleation
1. Primary nucleation
2. Secondary nucleation
• Crystal growth
1. SUPER-SATURATION OF SOLUTION:

During the process of crystallization, the first step is the super saturation of the solution i.e. the concentration:
of the solute in the solution must be greater than its solubility. For example, sodium chloride and KNO3.

2. NUCLEATION:

A step where the solute molecules dispersed in the solvent start to form clusters together. These stable clusters
constitute the nuclei.

3. CRYSTAL GROWTH:

The pattern of growth resembles the rings of an onion, as shown in the picture, where each colour indicates the
same mass of solute; this mass creates increasingly thin layers due to the increasing surface area of the growing
crystal.
3. DISTILLATION
• Distillation is the process in which a liquid is vaporized, re-condensed
(turned back into a liquid) and collected in a container.
• Distillation may be defined as the separation of the constituents of a
mixture including a liquid by partial vaporization of the mixture and
separate collection of the vapors.
The separations may include;

• Separation of a liquid from non-volatile impurities


• The separation of a liquid from one or more other liquids, with which it may be miscible, partially miscible or
immiscible.
• The process of vaporizing a liquid mixture in one vessel and condensing the vapors into another vessel is
called distillation.
• The liquid being distilled is heated in a flask, which is sometimes called a distillation flask or distillation pot
or Still.
• The vapors are condensed on a cool surface, usually a water-cooled condenser.
• The resulting liquid is called the distillate and is collected in a receiving flask or Receiver.
• The boiling point of mixtures depends upon mole fraction of the component present i.e.:

o In pure substances the temperature remains constant during distillation process so long as both vapor and
liquid are present.
o In miscible liquid mixture the temperature increases throughout process because composition of vapor
changes continuously.
Types of Distillation
• Simple Distillation
• Fractional Distillation
• Steam Distillation
• Vacuum Distillation
• Destructive Distillation
1. Simple Distillation:
• Simple distillation is a process of converting a liquid into its vapors, transferring the vapors
to another place, and recovering the liquid by condensing the vapors, usually by leading
contact with a cold surface. The apparatus used consists of three parts:
1. Still in which volatile material is vaporized
2. Condenser in which vapors are condensed
3. Receiver in which distillate is collected
• Simple distillation can produce partial separation of components with different boiling
points in a liquid mixture.
• The process is generally used for separation of liquids from non-volatile solids, e.g.,
preparation of distilled water and recovery of alcohol in the preparation of dry extracts.
• Simple distillation is practiced for a mixture in which the boiling points of the components
differ by at least 70°C.
• It is also followed for the mixtures contaminated with nonvolatile particles (solid or oil) and
those that are nearly pure with less than 10 percent contamination.

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