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Lecture No.1: Compiler Construction

This document provides an overview of compiler construction. It discusses why compilers are studied, the components of a language processing system including preprocessors, compilers, assemblers, interpreters, linkers, and loaders. It describes the compilation process and properties of compilers. Interpreters directly execute programs one instruction at a time, while compilers translate entire programs. Linkers connect object code to libraries and operating system resources. Loaders load compiled code into memory. Compilers have two main parts - analysis and synthesis. The analysis part breaks down and analyzes the source code, while the synthesis part generates the target code.

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Misbah Sajjad
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73 views

Lecture No.1: Compiler Construction

This document provides an overview of compiler construction. It discusses why compilers are studied, the components of a language processing system including preprocessors, compilers, assemblers, interpreters, linkers, and loaders. It describes the compilation process and properties of compilers. Interpreters directly execute programs one instruction at a time, while compilers translate entire programs. Linkers connect object code to libraries and operating system resources. Loaders load compiled code into memory. Compilers have two main parts - analysis and synthesis. The analysis part breaks down and analyzes the source code, while the synthesis part generates the target code.

Uploaded by

Misbah Sajjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture no.

1
COMPILER CONSTRUCTION.
Table of contents
 Why Study Compilers
 Introduction of language processing system
 Preprocessor
 Compilers
 Properties of compilers
 Assembler
 Interpreter
 Linker
 Loader
 The Context of a Compiler
 Assignment
Why Study Compilers
 Reason #1: understand compilers and languages.
Understand the code structure.
Understand language semantics.
Understand relation between source code and generated machine code.
Allow to become a better programmer and increase programmer productivity and increase portability
 Reason #2: nice balance of theory and practice.
Theory:
Mathematical models: regular expressions, automata, grammars, graphs.
Algorithms that use these models.
Practice:
Apply theoretical notions to build a real compiler.
 Reason #3: programming experience.
Creating a compiler entails writing a large computer program which manipulates complex data structures and
implement sophisticated algorithm
Increasing programming capability
Introduction of language processing
system
Preprocessor
 A preprocessor produce input to compilers. They may perform the following
functions.
Macro processing: A preprocessor may allow a user to define macros that are short
hands for longer constructs.
1. File inclusion: A preprocessor may include header files into the program text.
2. Rational preprocessor: these preprocessors augment older languages with
more modern flow-of control and data structuring facilities.
3. Language Extensions: These preprocessor attempts to add capabilities to the
language by certain amounts to build-in macro.
Compilers
 A Compiler is a program (system software) that reads a program written in one
language – the source language – and translates it into an equivalent program in
another language – the target language.
 During translation process, the compiler reports to its user the presence of errors
in the source program.
Compilers
 Source language can be any high level computer programming language ranging
from traditional programming language such as Fortran, C, Java etc to specialized
language that have been written for a specific area of computer application such
as LISP for AI etc.
 Target language may be another programming language (assembly language) or
the machine language of a computer, depending upon the compiler. High High--
level source code level source code
Compilation Process

 It takes the whole program at a time and either displays all of the possible errors
in the program or creates an object program.
 The time at which the conversion of a source program to an object program
occurs is called compile time.
 The object program is executed at run time.
Properties of compilers

 It must generate a correct executable code


 The input program and the output program must be equivalent
 The compiler should preserve the meaning of the input program
 Output program should run fast
 Compiler itself should be fast i.e., low compilation time
 Compiler should provide good diagnostics for programming errors
Properties of compilers

 Compiler should support separate compilation


 Compiler should work well with debuggers
 Compile time should be maximally proportional to the code size
Assembler
 Assembler is a translator (software) that particularly converts a program written
in assembly language into machine language.
 Assembly language is called low-level language.
 Because there is one to one correspondence between the assembly language
statements and machine language statements.
 Symbolic form of the machine language, makes it easy to translate
 Compiler generates assembly language as its target language and assembler
translate it into object code
Interpreter
 Interpreter is a system software that is used for the translation of high level
language programs.
 Directly execute the statements of source program rather than generating object
code
 It is different from the compilers in a sense that:
 It translates a program by taking one instruction at a time and produces the results
before taking the next instruction.
 It can identify only one error at a time.
 It does not produces the object program.
 Needs retranslation
 Makes it slow than compilers by a factor of 10 times
Interpreter
Linker

 Separate program often part of operating system


 Collects code in object file(s) into a file that is directly executable
 Object code produced by a compiler or assembler --- machine code that has not
yet been linked
 Linker creates executable machine code
 Connects an object program to the code of standard library functions and to
resources supplied by operating system
 For example, memory allocation and input and output devices etc.
Loader

 The loader reads the reloadable machine code


 Alters its addresses by adding the starting position of main memory block to them
and loads the code into main memory
The Context of a Compiler

 In addition to compiler, several other programs may be required to create an


executable target program.
 A source program may be divided into modules stored in separate files. The task
of collecting the source program is the responsibility of another program called
preprocessor.
 The target program created by the compiler may require further processing before
it can be run.
The Context of a Compiler

 The compiler creates the assembly code that is translated by an assembler into
machine code.
 The linker together the machine code with some library routines into the code that
actually run on the machine.
Analysis and Synthesis Model

 The structure of compiler consists of two parts:


 Analysis part
 Synthesis part
Analysis part

 Analysis part breaks the source program into constituent pieces and imposes a
grammatical structure on them which further uses this structure to create an
intermediate representation of the source program
 It is also termed as front end of compiler
 Information about the source program is collected and stored in a data structure
called symbol table
Synthesis part
 Synthesis part takes the intermediate representation as input and transforms it to
the target program
 It is also termed as back end of compiler
Analysis and Synthesis Model
ASSIGNMENT NO .1

 List of compiler construction tools.


Format of submission: Hand written or in printed form
Dead line: 24 November

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