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Chapter Two: Atomic Structure and Bonding

Atomic structure and bonding are important to understand materials' properties. Graphite and diamond illustrate how different bonding leads to varied properties, despite being the same element. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. The type of bonding - ionic, covalent or metallic - depends on the arrangement and sharing of these subatomic particles between atoms. Bonding forces and energies must be considered to analyze materials' behaviors.

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36 views

Chapter Two: Atomic Structure and Bonding

Atomic structure and bonding are important to understand materials' properties. Graphite and diamond illustrate how different bonding leads to varied properties, despite being the same element. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. The type of bonding - ionic, covalent or metallic - depends on the arrangement and sharing of these subatomic particles between atoms. Bonding forces and energies must be considered to analyze materials' behaviors.

Uploaded by

dawit gashu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Chapter Two

Atomic Structure and Bonding

04/07/2023
Why Study Atomic Structure and Interatomic
Bonding?
2

 An important reason to have an understanding of


interatomic bonding in solids is that, in some
instances, the type of bond allows us to explain a
material’s properties.
 For example, consider carbon, which may exist as both
graphite and diamond. Whereas graphite is relatively
soft and has a “greasy” feel to it, diamond is the hardest
known material. This dramatic disparity in properties is
directly attributable to a type of interatomic bonding
found in graphite that does not exist in diamond.
04/07/2023
The atomic Theory of Matter
3

 Atoms: are the basic building blocks of matter, they are


smallest particles of an element that retain the chemical
identity of the element. Atoms are composed of subatomic
particles.
 Tiny invisible particles are called “atomos”, meaning which
means "uncuttable" or "the smallest indivisible particle of
matter

Democritus Greek philosopher


Contd.
4

 Each element is composed of extremely small particles called


atoms
• All atoms of given element are identical.
The atoms of different elements are
different and have different masses and
properties.
• Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed. This means atoms of an
element are not changed into different
types of atoms by chemical reactions.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of John Dalton
English scientist
Fundamental Laws:

Law of constant composition:


 In a given compound, the relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant

Law of conservation of mass:


 The total mass of material present after a chemical reaction is the same as the

total mass before the reaction.


Law of multiple proportions:
 If two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound, the masses

of B that can combine with a given mass of A are in a ratio of small whole
numbers.
Example: H2O, H2O2
Law of electrostatic attraction:
 There are two types of charges , positive and negative.

 Like charges repel one another and unlike charges attract.


Atomic Structure
6

 An atom is made up of three sub-atomic


particles (protons, neutrons and
electron)
 Nucleus consists of protons and
neutrons
 Atoms have equal number of protons
and electrons.
 Electrons are attracted to protons in the
nucleus by the force that exists between
particles of opposite electrical charge.
 Most of the mass is concentrated in the
nucleus (protons and neutrons).
The atom
Contd.
7

Atomic mass unit (amu):


 It is used when discussing the mass of atoms because it is difficult to wok with
masses of particles given in terms of gram.
 It is often used to express atomic weight
 1 amu = 1.66054 xg
 The size of atoms is small! Atomic diameters are on the order of 1xm to 5xm
 A convenient unit (not SI) to express atomic diameters is the angstrom (Å).
 1 Å =m.
 Atoms are 1 – 5 Å in diameter.

-
Atomic Structure, Modern view
8

Isotope:
 Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons, and mass, are called

isotopes.
 12C contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons

 Another isotope of carbon, 14C contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

Atomic number:
 Is the number of protons in the nucleus and is given as a subscript

 All atoms of an element have the same number of protons in the nucleus.

 The number of protons determines the type of atom.

 In an atom the number of electrons equals the number of protons.

Mass number:
 Is the total number of protons and neutron

 Atomic mass is the mass of an individual atom but atomic weight is the average of the

atomic masses of an atom’s naturally occurring isotopes


Atomic Structure – The periodic
9
table
 Group: elements in a column (up and down)
 Period: elements in a raw (left and right)

 Elements belonging to the same group exhibit similar chemical

and physical properties.


Metallic elements:
 All elements on the left side are metallic elements.

 Sometimes termed as electropositive elements to indicate that

they are capable of giving up their few valence electrons to


become positively charged ions.
04/07/2023
Contd.
10

Non-metallic elements:
 Non-metals are located on the right hand side of
the periodic table Sometimes termed as
electronegative (accept electrons to form
negatively charged ions)
 Elements that lie along the step like line that

separates the metal from nonmetals have


intermediate properties and are often referred to as
metalloids.
Contd.
11

04/07/2023
Molecules and Molecular Compounds
12

Molecule:
 An assembly of two or more atoms tightly bound together.

 Molecules composed of only two atoms are called diatomic.,

could be same or different chemical element.


 The 7 elements that occur as homo-nuclear diatomic molecules

at room temperature are: N2, O2, H2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2.
 Molecular compounds are compounds composed of molecules.

 Most molecular substances we encounter contain only

nonmetals and most ionic compounds we encounter contain


both metals and nonmetals. 04/07/2023
Contd.
13

Molecular formulas:
 Indicate the actual number and types of atoms in a molecule.

 Example: H2CO3 – indicates carbonic acid contains 2H, 1C and

3O atoms andC6H12O6 – indicates glucose contains 6C, 12H and


6O atoms.
 Doesn’t tell linkage and arrangement of atoms

 Molecular formula = Z (Empirical formula), Z be an integer

 Water: H2O

 Hydrogen peroxide: H2O2


Bonding Forces and Energies
14

An understanding of many of the physical


properties of materials is predicated on a
knowledge of the interatomic forces that bind
the atoms together. Perhaps the principles of
atomic bonding are best illustrated by
considering the interaction between two
isolated atoms as they are brought into close
proximity from an infinite separation.
Bonding Forces and Energies

15

Atoms approach each other only to a certain distance and then


if they form a compound, they will maintain some equilibrium


separation distance known as bond length.
At large distances, the interactions are negligible, but as the

atoms approach, each exerts forces on the other.


These forces are of two types, attractive and repulsive, and

the magnitude of each is a function of the separation or


interatomic distance.
The net force FN between the two atoms is just
the sum of both attractive and repulsive
components i.e.

When FA and FR balance, or become equal, there


is no net force; that is then a state of equilibrium
exists. The centers of the two atoms will remain
separated by the equilibrium spacing r0

16
Contd.
17

Inter atomic distance r


0

The dependence of repulsive, attractive, and net


forces on interatomic separation for two isolated
atoms
Contd.
18

 It is more convenient to work with the potential energies


between two atoms instead of forces. Mathematically, energy
(E) and force (F) are related as

The bonding energy for these two atoms, E0; represents theThe dependence of repulsive, attractive,
energy that would be required to separate these two atoms and net potential energies on interatomic
to an infinite separation. separation for two isolated atoms.
Primary Interatomic Bonds
19

Ionic Bonding
 found in compounds that are composed of both metallic and nonmetallic
elements
 Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their valence electrons to the
nonmetallic atoms
 Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the classic ionic material.

Ionic materials are


characteristically hard and
brittle and, furthermore,
electrically and thermally
insulative
20
21
Contd…
22

Covalent Bonding
 Stable electron configurations are
assumed by the sharing of electrons
between adjacent atoms.
 Two atoms that are covalently bonded

will each contribute at least one


electron to the bond, and the shared
electrons may be considered to belong
to both atoms.
 Consider molecule of methane CH 4 ,
Many nonmetallic elemental molecules as
carbon atom has four valence well as molecules containing dissimilar
electrons, whereas each of the four atoms, such as CH4, H2Oand HF,
hydrogen atoms has a single valence are covalently bonded.
electron.
Contd.
23

Metallic Bonding
 Special type of primary bond found in an
assembly of homonuclear atoms such as
copper or sodium.
 The bonding electrons become
“decentralized” and are shared by the
core of positive nuclei.
 These bonds occur when elements of low
electronegativity bond with each other to
form a class of materials called metals.
 Metals tend to have common
characteristics such as ductility, luster,
and high thermal and electrical
conductivity.
Schematic, metallic bonding
Secondary Bonding
24

Van der Waals bond


(secondary bonding)
 Compared to the primary (chemical)
ones, these bonds (secondary or
physical) are weaker.
 Bond energies are only in the order of

10KJ/mol
 The bonding results from the

columbic attraction between the


positive end of one dipole and the
negative region of a adjacent one.
Schematic, van der waals bonding
between two dipoles
Contd…
25

Hydrogen bond
 A special type of secondary bonding, is found to exist between

some molecules that have hydrogen as one of the constituents.


 It is the attraction between hydrogen in a highly polar molecule

and the electronegative atom in another polar molecule.


26 04/07/2023
Thank
You!
27 04/07/2023

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