0% found this document useful (0 votes)
147 views

Periodontal Ligament: Atika Resti Fitri, DRG.,M.SC

The periodontal ligament (PDL) connects teeth to the alveolar bone. It is a soft tissue made of collagen fibers that provide mechanical stability and sensory function. The PDL ranges from 0.15 to 0.38 mm wide and anchors the tooth to the bone on one side and cementum on the other. It contains principal fiber bundles with different orientations that resist various forces on the teeth. The PDL develops as the tooth erupts and establishes occlusion to properly align these fibers.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
147 views

Periodontal Ligament: Atika Resti Fitri, DRG.,M.SC

The periodontal ligament (PDL) connects teeth to the alveolar bone. It is a soft tissue made of collagen fibers that provide mechanical stability and sensory function. The PDL ranges from 0.15 to 0.38 mm wide and anchors the tooth to the bone on one side and cementum on the other. It contains principal fiber bundles with different orientations that resist various forces on the teeth. The PDL develops as the tooth erupts and establishes occlusion to properly align these fibers.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 51

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

Atika Resti Fitri, drg.,M.Sc


Anatomi gigi
Gambaran radiografi PL
PENDAHULUAN

 The periodontal ligament (PDL) is


an aligned fibrous network
anchored firmly to the root
cementum of the teeth on the one
side and to the alveolar bone of the
jaws on the other side.
 It provides mechanical stability and
acts as a shock absorber to protect
the tooth and alveolar bone from
damage created by the high forces
associated with mastication.
 Together with the gingiva, the PDL
forms a protective barrier against
pathogens from the oral cavity.
 The neural network in the PDL
plays an important role in the
sensory input of the mastication
system.
LIGAMEN PERIODONTAL
 The PDL is that soft, specialized connective
tissue situated between the cementum covering
the root of the tooth and the bone forming the
socket wall.
 The PDL ranges in width from 0.15 to 0.38 mm,
with its thinnest portion around the middle third
of the root.
 The average width is 0.21 mm at 11 to 16 years
of age, 0.18 mm at 32 to 52 years of age, and
0.15 mm at 51 to 67 years of age, showing a
progressive decrease with age.
 The PDL is a connective tissue particularly well
adapted to its principal function, supporting the
teeth in their sockets and at the same time
permitting them to withstand the considerable
forces of mastication.
 The PDL has the important function, in addition
to attaching teeth to bone, of acting as a sensory
receptor, which is necessary for the proper
positioning of the jaws during normal function
LIGAMEN PERIODONTAL

 Apart from recognition that the PDL is formed within the developing
dental follicle region, the exact timing of events associated with the
development of an organized PDL varies among species, with individual
tooth families, and between deciduous and permanent teeth.
 Ligament mesenchymal cells begin to secrete collagen (mostly type I
collagen), which assembles as collagen bundles extending from the bone
and cementum surfaces to establish continuity across the ligament space
and thereby secure an attachment of the tooth to bone. In addition to
collagen, several noncollagenous proteins are secreted that appear to
play a role in the maintenance of the PDL space.
LIGAMEN PERIODONTAL
 Eruptive tooth movement and the establishment of occlusion then modify this
initial attachment.
 Before the tooth erupts, the crest of the alveolar bone is above the
cementoenamel junction, and the developing fiber bundles of the PDL are
directed obliquely. Because the tooth moves during eruption, the level of the
alveolar crest comes to coincide with the cementoenamel junction, and the
oblique fiber bundles just below the free gingival fibers become horizontally
aligned.
 During the process of tooth eruption, osteoclast precursors are activated by a
variety of factors secreted by cells within the local environment, including NF-κB
ligand (RANKL/osteoprotegerin ligand) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Functional osteoclasts are critical for the formation of marrow spaces within bone
and for tooth eruption.
 When the tooth finally comes into function, the alveolar crest is positioned nearer
the apex. The horizontal fibers, termed the alveolar crest fibers, have become
oblique once more, with the difference that now the cemental attachment has
reversed its relation to the alveolar attachment and is positioned in a coronal
direction, as opposed to its previous apical direction. Only after the teeth come
into function do the fiber bundles of the PDL thicken appreciably.
Ligamen periodontal

tidak hanya menghubungkan gigi ke tulang rahang, tetapi juga menopang


gigi pada soketnya dan menyerap beban yang dikenakan pada gigi
sehingga melindungi gigi terutama pada apeks akar.

Beban selama mastikasi, menelan, dan berbicara


sangat besar variasinya, juga frekuensi, durasi
dan arahnya. Struktur ligament biasanya
menyerap beban tersebut secara efektif dan
meneruskannya ke tulang pendukung.
 When the periodontium is exposed to
increased function, the width of the
PDL can increase by as much as 50%,
and the principal fiber bundles also
increase greatly in thickness. The bony
trabeculae supporting the alveoli also
increase in number and in thickness,
and the alveolar bone itself becomes
thicker.
 Conversely, a reduction in function
leads to changes that are the opposite
of those described for excess function.
The ligament narrows, the fiber
bundles decrease in number and
thickness, and the trabeculae become
fewer. This reduction in width of the
PDL is caused mostly by the deposition
of additional cementum.
COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
OF THE MATURE PDL
 The PDL spans 100-400 μm between the alveolar bone and root cementum.
 It is a heterogeneous tissue with an extensive blood supply, a neural network
and a diversity of cell populations  bone cells, cementum cells, epithelial
rests of Malassez, endothelial cells, neural cells and the precursor cells for
bone, PDL proper and cementum.
 The predominant cell type is the PDL fibroblast, which is responsible for the
production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix, of which the fibers
constitute the largest functional component.
 The structural strength of the PDL is provided by collagen fibers that are
mainly composed of type I collagen, with minor contribution of collagen type
III. These collagens form cross-banded fibrils that measure 54-59 nm in
diameter.
 Several minor collagens are also present in the PDL, including types IV, V, VI
and XII. Of the minor collagens, type V collagen is associated with the PDL
fibrils. It is found either in the core of the fibrils or in the space between
fibril bundles, where it appears to regulate fiber assembly.
COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
OF THE MATURE PDL
 The majority of collagen fibrils in
the PDL proper, the
nonmineralized central part of the
PDL, are arranged in well-defined
fiber bundles called principal
fibers. The principal fibers are
categorized according to their
location and orientation along the
root.
 Using its organization of principal
fibers, the PDL can be subdivided
into dentinogingival, transseptal
and alveolodental ligament
Organisasi Ligamentum Periodontal

Dua kelompok jarigan utama adalah namanya


sesuai dengan lokasi mereka berhubungan
dengan gigi.
• Kelompok gingiva terletak di leher gigi, dan
• Kelompok dentoalveolar mengelilingi akar gigi
SERAT-SERAT UTAMA
GRUP LOKASI PERLEKATAN FUNGSI
SERAT GINGIVAL
Transeptal Leher gigi ke Resist separation
Attached gingival mesial/distal Resist gingival
Free gingival Leher gigi ke AG diplacement
Circumferential Leher gigi ke FG
Sekeliling leher gigi
(Cont)
DENTOALVEOLAR
Kelompok Krista Alveolar Daerah leher k KA Resist vertical n Intrusive
Kelompok Horizontal Midroot k ABP fr
Kelompok Oblik 1/3 akar k ABP Resist horizontal n tipping
Kelompok Apikal Apeks Resist Vertical n Intrusive
Kelompok Interradikular Antara akar k ABP Resist vertical forces
Resist vertical n lateral
movement
KA= Krista Alveolar ABP=Alveolar Bone
Proper
GRUP DENTOALVEOLAR
Kelompok Serat Gingiva

Terdiri dari empat kelompok serat :


The free gingival fibers timbul dari permukaan
sementum pada daerah cerviks dan masuk ke
gingiva.
The attached gingival fibers timbul dari crest
alveolar dan masuk ke gingiva.
The circular atau circumferential fibers (serat
melingkar atau lingkaran yang terus menerus) di
sekitar leher dan menolak perpindahan gingiva.
The alveolar crest fibers timbul dari cementum di
leher gigi dan cerminate di crest alveolar.

Transseptal fibers berasal di daerah serviks mahkota masing-masing dan meluas


ke lokasi yang sama pada permukaan mesial dan distal dari setiap gigi yang
berdekatan. Ini fungsi kelompok serat dalam resistensi terhadap pemisahan gigi
masing-masing. Serat transseptal ditemukan di pesawat mesiodistal dan tidak ada
dalam pesawat buccolingual Semua kelompok serat
Kelompok Serat Dentoalveolar

1. Kelompok crest alveolar berasal di daerah servikal tepat di bawah


persimpangan dentinoenamel, dan meluas ke crest alveolar, serta ke
dalam jaringan ikat gingiva. Serat ini menahan kekuatan mengganggu.

2. Kelompok serat memanjang horisontal dalam arah horisontal dari


sementum midroot ke tulang alveolar anjacent tepat.

3. Kelompok serat miring extends dalam direction miring dari daerah tepat
di atas zona apikal akar ke atas tulang alveolar, dan serat menahan
kekuatan masticatori vertikal atau mengganggu.

4. Kelompok apikal extends serat tegak lurus dari permukaan dari tulang
alveolar, yang mengelilingi puncak. Serat apikal menahan kekuatan
vertical dan exclusive diterapkan pada gigi.

5. Kelompok lain dari serat yang terletak di antara akar gigi multirooted
disebut serat interradicular. Serat tersebut memperpanjang tegak lurus
ke permukaan gigi dan tulang alveolar yang berdekatan dan melawan
gaya-gaya vertikal dan lateral.
Sel-sel dari ligamentum memelihara dan
memperbaiki tulang alveolar dan sementum.

Ligamentum adalah reservoir dari tulang dan membentuk sel-


sel sementum berasal, sel prekursor terbentuk dari sel induk
dalam sumsum tulang, dan dari sana bermigrasi ke
ligamentum periodontal (Nagatomo et al, 2006).

Ligamen periodontal seperti semua jaringan ikat lain,


mengandung sel, serat-serat dan subtansi dasar. Serat
ligament periodontal ada yang berbentuk krista alveolar,
horizontal, oblik dan apikal.
Ligamen mempunyai anyaman pembuluh darah yang sangat
banyak didapat dari arteri apical dan pembuluh yang
berpenetrasi pada tulang alveolar. Terdapat anastomosis
dalam jumlah besar dengan pembuluh darah gingival.

Bundel saraf dari saraf trigeminus berjalan bersama


pembuluh darah dari apeks dan melintasi tulang alveolar
untuk mensuplai ligamen dengan reseptor tactile, tekanan
dan rasa sakit. Saraf tampaknya berakhir sebagai ujung
saraf bebas atau struktur berbentuk kumparan yang
berhubungan dengan aktivitas proprioseptif u mengontrol
sistem mastikasi pada saat menelan, mengunyah dan
berbicara.
Fungsi ligament periodontal

1. memberikan nutrisi kepada sementum, tulang


alveolar dan gingival ;
2. menghantarkan stimulus rangsang tekan,
3. sentuh dan nyeri dengan serabut saraf
sensori ; melindungi pembuluh darah dan
serabut saraf dari cedera mekanik ;
4. sebagai perlekatan gigi dengan tulang ;
mempertahankan jaringan gingival ;
5. penyerap tekanan.
Structure of periodontal ligament

 Consists of cells and an extracellular compartment of collagenous


fibers and a noncollagenous extracellular matrix.
 The cells include osteoblasts and osteoclasts, fibroblasts, epithelial cell
rests of Malassez, macrophages, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells,
stem cells, and cementoblasts.
 The extracellular compartment consists of well-defined collagen fiber
bundles embedded in an amorphous background material, known as
ground substance, consisting of, among others, glycosaminoglycans,
glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
Sel dari ligamen periodontal

Fibroblast
Fibroblas yang paling banyak terlihat
pada ligamen periodontal karena Banyaknya fibroblas
kepadatan kolagen yang tinggi dari memungkinkan
jaringan ini. penggantian yang cepat
dari serat. Penyelidikan
terbaru menunjukkan
bahwa fibroblast, selain
untuk membentuk serat
kolagen baru, juga
Serat yang diolah dan dipecah berfungsi dalam
menjadi asam amino. Asam amino ini menghancurkan serat yang
diambil oleh sel lain dan didaur ulang rusak
ke dalam pembentukan serat kolagen
baru.
Fibroblast

Fungsi :
1. Mensintesa kolagen terlebih dahulu membentuk
prokolage yang merupakan molekul precursor
2. Memfagositosa serat kolagen yang sudah tua &
mendegradasinya dengan hidrolisa enzim
Osteoblas

terletak di sepanjang permukaan


tulang alveolar.

Semua osteoblas berdifrensiasi secara


lokal dari sel mesenkim sebagai
kebutuhan untuk munculnya
osteoblas.

Osteoblas secara terus menerus


membentuk tulang baru di daerah
tulang alveolar yang tepat.
Cementoblasts

muncul di sepanjang permukaan sementum.

Sementum terus-menerus dibentuk


sebagai serat utama baru yang
tertanam di sepanjang permukaan
akar.
Cemental resorpsi juga dapat terjadi
karena beberapa alasan, seperti
perubahan dalam hubungan oklusal atau
gerakan gigi, sehingga aktivitas
cementoblasts baru dalam perbaikan
sementum atau dentin diserap akar.
Makrofag dan Osteoklas
Makrofag yang ditemukan di ligamen
adalah sel pertahanan yang penting di
lokasi ini. Makrofag memiliki
mobilitas, serta fungsi fagositik.
Mereka mengambil sel-sel mati, Makrofag,
bakteri, dan benda asing. limfosit, leukosit,
dan sel-sel plasma
Beberapa fibroblast menjadi macrophagic juga dapat muncul
dalam ligamentum periodontal karena dalam periodonsium
mereka memiliki kemampuan untuk ketika ditekankan
menghancurkan kolagen. Kegiatan ini oleh penyakit.
berkaitan dengan fungsi metabolik yang
tinggi dari ligamentum periodontal, Dua
jenis fibroblas yang berasal dari bentuk
kolagen dan yang beasal kolagen
penghancur
Stem cells (PDLSCs)

 Pluripotent stem cells are present in the PDL which represents an


easily accessible source of stem cells compared to those found in
pulp. These postnatal mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity of
self-renewal and have the potential to differentiate into adipogenic,
cementogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cells.
Fibers
 The predominant collagens of the PDL are types I, III, and XII,
with individual fibrils having a smaller average diameter than
tendon collagen fibrils. This difference is thought to reflect the
short half-life of ligament collagen, meaning that they have less
time for fibrillar assembly.
 Ada 19 jenis tipe kolagen yang dikenal, tersebar diantara 12
kromosom, 3 koil rantai alpha polipeptida antara satu sama
lainnya membentuk konfigurasi triple helix
 Protein terdiri dari asam amino yang penting
- Glisin
- Prolin
- Hydroxilysin
- Hydroxiprolin
Kolagen

 Kolagen yang terdapat di dalam ligamen periodontal


tipe I,III,V,VI,XII disintesis oleh fibroblas, chondroblast,
osteoblas, odontoblas & sel lainnya
 Disekresikan dalam bentuk tidak aktif  Prokolagen
diubah  Tropokolagen, di ruang ekstraseluler
dipolimerisasi  fibril kolagen diagregasi didalam
kumpulan kolagen dengan formasi silang
 Waktu paruh 10-15 hari lebih cepat dari gingiva kolagen
Elastic fibers
 The three types of elastic fibers are elastin, oxytalan, and elaunin.
Only oxytalan fibers are present within the PDL
 Elaunin fibers may be found within fibers of the gingival ligament.
 Oxytalan fibers are bundles of microfibrils that are distributed
extensively in the PDL. The fibers run more or less vertically from the
cementum surface of the root apically, forming a three-dimensional
branching meshwork that surrounds the root and terminates in the
apical complex of arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. The fibers
also are associated with neural and vascular elements.
 Oxytalan fibers are numerous and dense in the cervical region of the
ligament, where they run parallel to the gingival group of collagen
fibers.
 Function : to regulate vascular flow in relation to tooth function.
Elastic  they can expand in response to tensional variations, with
such variations then registered on the walls of the vascular
structures.
 Serat OXYTALAN = serat lbh kecil
diameter dan muncul terpisah
dgn ikatan kolagen berfungsi
support jar ikat kolagen dan
dinding pembuluh darah
 Serat elastic like dgn stain yang
memperlihatkan lokasinya
Sistem Vaskuler

 For a connective tissue, the PDL is exceptionally well


vascularized, which reflects the high rate of turnover of its
cellular and extracellular constituents.
 The main blood supply of connective tissue is from the superior
and inferior alveolar arteries.
 Numerous branches arise from the interalveolar vessels to run
horizontally, penetrate the alveolar bone, and enter the PDL
space.
 Perforating arteries  entering ligament and more abundant in
the PDL of posterior teeth than in that of anterior teeth and are
in greater numbers in mandibular than in maxillary teeth. In
single-rooted teeth, these arteries are found most frequently in
the gingival third of the ligament, followed by the apical third.
Sistem Vaskuler

suplai darah yang kaya yang berasal


dari arteri alveolar superior dan
inverior dari percabangan arteri fasial
dari carotid external

Pembuluh darah ini memberi pasokan darah ke


tulang alveolar dan beranastomosis secara
bebas dengan ligamentum periodontal. Pleksus
vaskular yang meluas ke ligamentum melintasi
dari daerah apikal ke daerah gingiva dengan
bentuk yang mengelilingi gigi dengan interval
yang teratur.
Sistem Vaskuler

Vascular supply of
alveolar bone,
periodontal ligament,
and tooth pulp as
seen after injection of
vessels with carbon
and clearing of the
tissues" Bone is on
the left, the
periodontal ligament
is in the center, dentin
is to the right of
center, and pulp is on
the right.
Ligamentum sangat aktif, mengalami pemadatan dan
perpanjangan saat pengunyahan berlangsung. Bukti
kegiatan ligamentum terlihat dalam pergantian sel,
dalam kemampuannya untuk memodifikasi dalam
gerakan gigi, dan dalam kemampuannya untuk
menyembuhkan. Kondisi ini berhubungan dengan
ligamen yang kaya akan suplai vaskuler.
Sistem syaraf

Batang saraf besar dari ligamentum


periodontal ditemukan di zona pusat
sumbu panjang gigi.

Cabang-cabang dari batang masuk ke


ligamentum dan tulang alveolar pada
interval sepanjang alur jaringan
gingiva.

Sebagian besar batang saraf dan saraf


halus yang diamati dalam ruang
interstisial, baik dalam saluran yang
melintasi ligamentum longitudinal
untuk permukaan gigi atau dalam
salah satu ruang antara bundel di
sepanjang akar.
Neural system

 Batang saraf yang lebih


besar pd LP dijumpai
pada daerah central gigi
yang akar panjang.
 Adanya nerve terminal
pada LP terutama pada
kumpulan serat
utamanya
 Receptor Encapsulated
untuk tekanan, sakit.
Types of neural terminations
 The first (most frequent) are free nerve endings that ramify in a
treelike configuration. Located at regular intervals along the
length of the root. These nerve endings originate largely from
unmyelinated fibers but carry with them a Schwann cell envelope
with processes that project into the surrounding connective tissue.
Such endings are thought to be nociceptors and mechanoreceptors.
 The second type of nerve terminal is found around the root apex
and resembles Ruffini’s corpuscles. These nerves appear to be
dendritic and end in terminal expansions among the PDL fiber
bundles.
 The third type of nerve terminal is a coiled form found in the
midregion of the PDL, the function and ultrastructure of which
have not been determined yet.
 The fourth type (with the lowest frequency) is found associated
with the root apex and consists of spindlelike endings surrounded
by a fibrous capsule.
RUANG INTERTISIAL

 Ruang antar kelompok serat emngandung pembuluh darah, saraf,


dan limfatik  pertahankan vitalitas ligament periodontal & serat
halus yang terjalin
 Mendukung bundle serat kolagen yang padat
 Fungsi : mengalami peregangan dan kontraksi bundel serat selama
mastikasi
 Pembuluh darah dan limpatik serta saraf dijumpai pada daerah
jaringan ikat longgar, yaitu pada ruang intertisial menjaga
vitalitas dari daerah LP dan support kpd jar ikat kolagen yg padat
 Kaya blood supply muncul pd inferior dan superior arteri alveolar
dan dari cabang arteri fasial, dari external carotid
 Juga supply tulang alveolar dan anastomose freely dgn PL
Interstitial Spaces
FUNGSI LIGAMEN
PERIODONTAL
1. FUNGSI FISIKAL/SUPPORTIF
- Menghantarkan tekanan oklusal ke tulang alveolar
- Melekatkan gigi ke tulang alveolar
- Mempertahankan hubungan jaringan gingiva ke gigi
- Menahan dampak tekanan oklusal
- Sebagai wadah jaringan lunak yang melindungi
pembuluh darah & syaraf dari tekanan mekanis
TEORI TENSIONAL

 Bila gigi terkena tekanan oklusal, serabut utama akan menghantarkan


tekanan ke tulang alveolar sehingga mengalami deformatis elastis yang
memungkinkan gigi yang menjauhi tekanan
 Yang paling berperan  Serabut utama ligamen periodontal
TEORI SISTEM VISKO-ELASTIK

 Yang berperan gerakan cairan terhadap tekanan gigi


 Bila tekanan ringan mengenai gigi, tekanan akan
diredam cairan intravaskuler yang dikeluarkan dari
pembuluh darah
 Bila tekanan sedang mengenai gigi, tekanan akan
diredam cairan ekstavaskuler yang keluar dari ligamen
periodontal  sumsum tulang
TEKANAN TIKSOTOPIK

 Ligamen periodontal memiliki sift reologis dari jel tiksotopik  mencair


bila terkena tekanan & berubah menjadi semi solid apabila tekanan hilang
Fungsi Ligamen Periodontal

2. Fungsi Formatif/Remodelling
- Mengandung sel yang dapat membentuk maupun
meresorbsi struktur periodontal pendukung
- CONTOHNYA
 Pembentukan & resorbsi tulang alveolar & sementum
pada proses migrasi/pergerakan gigi secara fisiologis ke
mesial
Fungsi Ligamen Periodontal

3. Fungsi Nutritif
- Mengandung sistem vaskularisasi sehingga dapat
memasok nutrient ke sementum, tulang alveolar &
gingiva melalui pembuluh darah & drainase limfatik.
Fungsi Ligamen Periodontal

4. Fungsi sensori
- Syaraf yang menembus fundus alveolus masuk ke ruang
ligamen perodontal akan kehilangan selubung mielinny
& mensuplai ligmen dengan nerve ending yang
merupakan reseptor sakit bagi tekanan.
Terima kasih

You might also like