MODULE

LEGENDS
BANG BANG
 CYMBELINE
GRADE 12

INQUIRES,INVESTAGATION AND IMMERSION

GROUP 3

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5

TOPIC 1

Non- Probability Sampling

Procedure

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 Defination of Terms

Convenience sampling: A sampling technique where

individuals or groups are selected based on their
availability and accessibility to the researcher.

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 Defination of Terms

Quota sampling: A sampling technique where the

researcher identifies specific subgroups in the
population and sets a target number for each
subgroup to be included in the sample.

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 Defination of Terms

Consecutive sampling is a type of sampling

method in statistics where the sample is selected
based on a predetermined pattern of selection

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 Defination of Terms

Judgmental sampling: A sampling

technique where the researcher selects
individuals or groups based on their
expert opinion or judgment about which
individuals or groups are most relevant
to the research question.
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 Defination of Terms

Snowball sampling: A sampling technique

where the researcher identifies a few
individuals or groups with the desired
characteristics and then asks them to
identify others who also have those
characteristics.
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 What is non-probability Sampling?
Non-probability sampling is defined as a
sampling technique in which the researcher
selects samples based on the subjective
judgment of the researcher rather than random
selection. It is a less stringent method. This
sampling method depends heavily on the
expertise of the researchers. It is carried out by
observation, and researchers use it widely for
qualitative research. Next
 What is non-probability Sampling?
Non-probability sampling is a method in which not all
population members have an equal chance of participating
in the study, unlike probability sampling. Each member of
the population has a known chance of being selected. Non-
probability sampling is most useful for exploratory studies
like a pilot survey (deploying a survey to a smaller sample
compared to pre-determined sample size). Researchers use
this method in studies where it is impossible to draw
random probability sampling due to time or cost
considerations, (Fleetwood,2023). Next
 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:

Convenience Sampling:
Convenience sampling is a
non-probability sampling
technique where samples are
selected from the population
only because they are
conveniently available to the
researcher. Next
 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:

Convenience Sampling:
Researchers choose these
samples just because they
are easy to recruit, and the
researcher did not consider
selecting a sample that
represents the entire
population. Next
 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:
Convenience Sampling:
Ideally, in research, it is good to test a sample
that represents the population. But, in some
research, the population is too large to
examine and consider the entire population.
It is one of the reasons why researchers rely
on convenience sampling, which is the most
common non-probability sampling method,
because of its speed, cost-effectiveness, and
ease of availability of the sample. Next
 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:
Example of Convenience Sampling:

Suppose you are researching public perception towards the

hallway of ARAMMS. You have determined that a sample of
100 people is sufficient to answer your research question.

To collect your data, you stand in the hallway and approach

passerby, asking them whether they want to participate in
your research. You can continue to ask until the sample size
is reached

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Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure

Consecutive sampling:
This non-probability sampling method is
very similar to convenience sampling, with
a slight variation. Here, the researcher
picks a single person or a group of a
sample, conducts research over a period,
analyzes the results, and then moves on to
another subject or group if needed.
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Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure

Consecutive Sampling:
Consecutive sampling technique gives
the researcher a chance to work with
many topics and fine-tune his/her
research by collecting results that have
vital insights.

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Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure
Example of Consecutive Sampling:
One of the most common examples of a consecutive sample is
when companies/brands stop people in a mall or crowded
areas and hand them promotional leaflets to purchase a luxury
cars.

In the example, the people walking in the mall are the samples,
and let us consider them as representative of a population.

Now, the researcher hands these people and advertisement or

a promotional leaflet. A few them agree of to stay back and
respond to the questions asked by the promotion executive
(we can consider him/her as a researcher). Next
Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure
Example of Consecutive Sampling:
The responses are collected and analyzed, but there is no
conclusive result that people would want to buy that car based
on the features described in the leaflet.

The promotion executive now asks questions to another group

who analyze the details of the car and its features and show a
keen interest in buying the luxury car. Thus, this group of people
has provided conclusive results for purchasing the vehicle.

However, there is a downside to this sampling method. You

cannot consider the sample to be representative of the entire
population. In this example, not all people who haveNext
taken this
leaflet were interested in buying the car.
 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:

Quota Sampling:

Hypothetically consider, a researcher

wants to study the career goals of
male and female employees in an
organization. There are 500
employees in the organization, also
known as the population.
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 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:

Quota Sampling:
Further, the researcher is
interested in particular strata
within the population. Here is
where quota sampling helps
in dividing the population
into strata or groups.
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 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:
Example of Quota Sampling:

Political polling: Pollsters may use

quota sampling to ensure that their
sample of respondents is
representative of the population in
terms of age, gender, race, and other
demographic characteristics. This
helps to reduce bias and increase
the accuracy of the poll results.
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 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure
Judgmental or Purposive Sampling:

In the judgmental sampling method, researchers select the

samples based purely on the researcher’s knowledge and
credibility. In other words, researchers choose only those
people who they deem fit to participate in the research study.
Judgmental or purposive sampling is not a scientific method
of sampling, and the downside to this sampling technique is
that the preconceived notions of a researcher can influence
the results. Thus, this research technique involves a high
amount of ambiguity.
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 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure
Examples of Judgmental or Purposive Sampling:

A company wants to survey its most loyal

customers to gain insight into their satisfaction
levels and preferences. The company selects a
sample of customers based on their purchase
history, frequency of visits, and other relevant
factors that make them good candidates for the
survey.
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 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:
Snowball Sampling:
Snowball sampling helps researchers find a
sample when they are difficult to locate.
Researchers use this technique when the sample
size is small and not easily available. This
sampling system works like the referral program.
Once the researchers find suitable subjects, he
asks them for assistance to seek similar subjects
to form a considerably good size sample. Next
 Types of Non- Probability Sampling Procedure:
Example of Snowball Sampling:
Studying the spread of a disease: In epidemiological
studies, researchers may use snowball sampling to
identify and recruit individuals who have been
exposed to a particular disease. For example, if a
researcher is studying the spread of HIV in a particular
community, they may start by recruiting individuals
who have been diagnosed with the virus and then ask
these participants to refer other individuals who may
have also been exposed. Next
 Non-probability sampling examples
• In an organization, for studying the career goals
of 500 employees, technically, the sample
selected should have proportionate numbers of
males and females. Which means there should
be 250 males and 250 females. Since this is
unlikely, the researcher selects the groups or
strata using quota sampling.
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 Non-probability sampling examples
• An example of convenience sampling
would be using student volunteers known
to the researcher. Researchers can send
the survey to students belonging to a
particular school, college, or university, and
act as a sample.
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 Non-probability sampling examples

• Researchers also use this type of sampling to

conduct research involving a particular illness
in patients or a rare disease. Researchers can
seek help from subjects to refer to other
subjects suffering from the same ailment to
form a subjective sample to carry out the study.

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When to use non-probability sampling?

• Researchers widely use

the non-probability
sampling method when
they aim at conducting
qualitative research, pilot
studies, or exploratory
research.
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When to use non-probability sampling?

• Researchers use it when

they have limited time to
conduct research or have
budget constraints.

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When to use non-probability sampling?

• When the researcher

needs to observe whether
a particular issue needs
in-depth analysis, he
applies this method.
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When to use non-probability sampling?

• Use it when you do not

intend to generate results
that will generalize the
entire population.

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 Advantages of non-probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling techniques are a more

conducive and practical method for researchers
deploying surveys in the real world. Although
statisticians prefer probability sampling because
it yields data in the form of numbers, however, if
done correctly, it can produce similar if not the
same quality of results and avoid sampling
errors.
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 Advantages of non-probability Sampling

Getting responses using non-probability

sampling is faster and more cost-effective than
probability sampling because the sample is
known to the researcher. The respondents
respond quickly as compared to people
randomly selected as they have a high
motivation level to participate.
 
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 Difference between Non-Probability Sampling and Probability Sampling:
Non-probability Sampling Probability Sampling

Sample selection based on the subjective The sample is selected at random.

judgment of the researcher
Not everyone has an equal chance to participate Everyone in the population has an equal chance
of getting selected.

The researcher does not consider sampling bias Used when sampling bias has to be reduced.

Useful when the population has similar traits Useful when the population is diverse

The sample does not accurately represent the Used to create an accurate sample.
population
Finding respondents is easy. Finding the right respondents is not easy.

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