Bone Formation

• The fetal bone formation occurs in two ways;

-Intramembranous ossification,and
-Endochondral ossification.
.Bone formation is controlled by growth
hormone,thyroid hormone and sex hormones.
Intramembranous ossification
-This is a direct replacement of mesenchyme by
bone
-occurs within the membranes of condensed,
primitive mesenchymal tissues.
• The mesenchymal cells differentiate into
osteoblasts.
• The osteoblasts begins synthesis and secretion
of osteoids.
• The osteoids undergo mineralization.
• As the osteoid is laid down,the osteoblasts are
trapped in the lacunae to become osteocyts.
• The progenitor cells on the surface of centers
of ossification will secrete more
osteoblasts,which will lay down more osteoid.
• Progressive bone formation will lead to fusion
of centres of ossifaications.
• The collagen fibres of the developing bone are
arranged in interlacing bundles,giving rise to
the term woven bone.
• The woven bone undergoes remodeling via
osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic
deposition to form mature compact,trabecular
bone.
• The primitive mesenchyme at the network of
developing bone will differentiate into bone
marrow.
• The condensed primitive mesenchyme that
delineate the outer margins of the developing
bone eventually becomes the periosteum.
• The bone formed by intramembranous
ossification is called membrane bone.
• Examples of Membrane bones are vaults of
the skull,maxilla and most of the mandible.
• Endochondral ossification
• In this type of ossification, the cartilage
model(hyaline cartilage) is formed first.
• The hyaline cartilage will undergo oppositional
growth mainly,giving rise to elongated,dumb-
bell shaped mass of cartilage ,with long
shaft(diaphysis),future articular
portions(epiphysis) surrounded by
perichondrium.
• Within the shaft of the cartilage model,the
chondrocytes enlarges greatly,causing
resorption of the surrounding cartilages,leaving a
slender,perforated, trabeculae cartilage matrix.
• The resultant cartilage matrix will calcify,while
the chondrocytes ungergoes
degeneration,leaving an interconnecting space.
• During this period,the perichondrium of the shaft
developes osteogenic potentials,thereby
assuming the role of periosteum.
• The periosteum will then lay down thin layer of
bone around the shaft.
• At the same time,the space left by the
degenerated chondrocytes will be invaded by
primitive mesenchymal cells and blood vessels.
• The primitive mesenchyme will differentiate
into osteoblasts and blood-forming cells of
bone marrow.
• The osteoblasts will lay down irregular,woven
bone.
• At this stage,the ends of the original cartilage model
are seperated by large primary ossification center in
the shaft.
• During this period,the cartilaginous ends of the model
will continue to grow in diameter and length.
• The interface between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis is epiphysial growth plate.
• Within the growth plate,the cartilage proliferate
contineously,leading to progressive elongation of the
bone.
• The diaphysial aspect of the epiphysial growth plate
will produce chondrocytes which will degenerate ,and
the degenerated zone will be replaced by bone.
• The conversion of the central epiphysial
cartilage to bone is knowm as the secondary
ossification.
• A thin zone hyaline cartilage always remain at
the surface as the articular cartilage.
• Under the influence of functional stress,the
calcified cartilage remnaints and surrounding
woven bone will completely undergo
remodelling,giving rise to mature bone .
• On reaching full maturation ,the hormonal
changes will inhibit cartilage proliferation,
which will result in replacement of growth
plate with bone,leading to fusion of diaphysis
and epiphysis at both ends.
• Bones formed through endochondral
ossification are called cartilage bones.
• Examples of cartilage bones;long
bones,vertebra,pelvis and base of the skull.
Bone remodelling and repair
-Woven bone is not only the first bone that is
formed during skeletal devepment,but also
the first bone that is formed during rapair of
fracture.
-At the fracture site,blood clot is first formed.
-It is later replaced with highly vascularized
collaginous tissues(granulation tissues).
• The granulation tissue becomes more fibrous
to form fibrous granulation tissue.
• The mesenchymal cells differenciate into
chondroblasts,which progressively replace
fibrous granulation tissues with hyaline
cartilage.
• This firm and flexible structure is known as the
provisional callus.
• The osteoprogenitor cells in the endosteum
and periosteum are activated,
• This leads to the formation of meshwork of
woven bone within and around the provisional
callus,thus forming the bony callus.
• Bony union occurs when the fracture site is
completely bridged by the woven bone.
• Under the influence of functional stress,the
bony callus undergoes remodelling,giving rise
to mature lamellar bone.