Regional Workshop

“Sustainable and Disaster Resilient Urban Development”

9th September, 2014 | Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Supported under:
Comprehensive Capacity Building Program Organised by :
Ministry of Urban Development, Integrated Research and Action for Development
Government of India   
 THEMATIC AREAS
Energy and Power System Urban Infrastructure and Services Climate Change and Environment

Poverty Alleviation and Gender Agriculture and Food Security

 NEED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE
CITIES
•Today India accounts for 17 per cent of the world’s population

•Urban population increased from 25.8 million to 377 million in

2011 residing in 900 cities and 4000 urban agglomerations.

•Haphazard and rapid urbanization results in growing vulnerability

to environmental hazards besides that.

•Increasing urban population and poverty reduces the capacity and

capability to respond to any climatic and shocks and stress

•Besides that Climate change has impacted the frequency and

intensities of the natural hazards
 DISASTER EVENTS IN INDIA
35

30
Frequency Of Disasters

25

20 Bihar
Gujarat
Andhra
15 Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

10

0
1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009
 RESILIENCE

• Resilience is defined as the capability and capacity to respond to a

disasters and ability to bounce back

• Fully functioning and sustainable cities more likely to be resilient faster.

• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) & Sustainable Urban Development

strategies this involves measuring and monitoring of service delivery.

• Resource allocation: Currently, there are no specific agencies or

institutions at the city level that oversee main streaming of sustainable
and disaster resilient measures ; managing climate change knowledge; or
disseminating disaster related information to the general public.
 Few recommendation to become resilient

• Prioritize a climate resilient agenda : Cities need to identify priority

activities that respond to their urgent needs for adaptation to climate
change.
• Rejuvenation of water bodies: Restoration may also help overcome the
growing water scarcity also the risk of flooding can be reduced.
• Drought and floods can be addressed simultaneously if we look after
urban lakes, ponds and wetlands. 
• Expertise managing is required as green areas and parks need to be
developed for water bodies management so effluents do not accumulate
and water quality is maintained.
• Climate conscious development and spatial planning: Development
planning that incorporates climate change and variability is essential and
this should apply to institutions and governments alike.

6
 Selected 20 Cities from 14 States Cites for ACCCRN Project

•Vulnerability profiles of twenty

cities from fourteen states were
prepared.

•Cities were categorized on the

basis of different ecosystem like
coastal, hills, riverine, mixed
(arid and dry) etc.

•Cities with a structured

framework for collecting datasets
to analyze the factors impacting
climate change vulnerability.

7
 HIGS Framework
A framework named HIGS was developed where “H” is Hazard Exposure; “I” stand for Infrastructure, “G” for
Governance and “S” for Socio-Economic variables.
Hazards: Physical and Meteorological Indicators

H
•Temperature (Maximum. Minimum)
•Precipitation (Maximum. Minimum)
•Mean Sea Level
•Frequency of Drought
•Frequency of Floods
•Frequency of Cyclones

Socio-Economic Indicators

S
Infrastructure and Urban

I
•Demographic composition Services
(Sex-Ratio, age structure) •Water supply
•Slum Population (Poverty •Sewerage system
status) HIGS -Climate •Solid waste management
•Literacy rate
•Migration flow
Responsive Urban •Storm water drainage
•Transportation
•Urbanisation trend and Development •Power
urban sprawl •Housing

Governance- Institutions

G
•Participatory
•Transparency
•Accountability
•Response efficiency and capability
•Innovative financing

8
 UNDP-Review of Six Cities’ Disaster Management Plans

IRADe reviewed the City Disaster Management Plan (CDMP) of 6 cities-

• Bhubaneswar
• Gangtok
• Madurai
• Trivandrum
• Shimla
• Vijayawada
•Assess the clarity, comprehensiveness, efficiency, appropriateness, and
dissemination of disaster management measures as part of city disaster
management plan
•IRADe made specific recommendations and presented strategies to each
city administration on addressing gaps established during the review
process to update the existing CDMP
 MoUD-Sustainable and Disaster Resilient Urban
Development project is about……
• Covering 10 city from different sates of India – To develop city level information
based on hazards and risks, on who is exposed and who is vulnerable.

• 4 regional workshops: Regional workshops for finalizing strategies for disaster

resilient cities.

• City specific capacity building and knowledge dissemination through meeting

with city stakeholders

• Provide Information and awareness for qualitative self-assessments to cities in

terms of disaster management preparedness

• Raising awareness among government officials on natural hazard risks brings

officials from a range of city level institutions

• Stakeholder consultation and ownership for sensitization

• Capacity building of local government officials and city stakeholders including

institutions, organizations etc.
 SELECTED CITIES

10 Cities selected on the basis of

different ecosystems and regions
East India-
Guwahati, Shillong, Bhubaneswar
West India- Pune, Ahmadabad,
Bhopal
South India- Vishakhapatnam,
Hyderabad
North India- Dehradun,
Srinagar
Thought Put forth by IRADe through this project
 Process for Preparation of Report

1. City Profile
2. Natural Hazard Profile
3. Infrastructure status and Land Use
4. City Management and Governance
5. City Visits report – Observations
6. Resilience Assessment and Analysis
7. Recommendations and Concluding remarks
 Case Study : Ahmedabad

Demography and Urbanisation

• 5th largest city and 7th largest urban
agglomeration of India
• Approximately 13% of the total population of
the city lives in slums in the year 2011
Total Population AUDA: 6,352,254,
2011 census
DECADAL POPULATION IN
GROWTH RATE MILLION Decadal Growth rate (2001-
38% 6.5
32% 2011):25%
30% 5.2
25%
4
Total Slum population(AMC): 7.28
2.9
2.2
lakh (2011 census)

Literacy rate: 86%2011 census)

1981 1991 2001 2011 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Height from mean sea level: 49 m
(MSL)(CDP, Ahmedabad)

Topography: Riverine
 Exposure to Hazards

•High exposure to a
number of disasters
with the highest
proneness being to
earthquakes, floods
and heat waves.

• Urban flooding
Reasons :
a) Heavy rainfall
b) Topography with
less slope
c) Poor drainage
network
d) Chocked natural
drainage system
Slope and Topography of AMC Area
 KEY FINDINGS
• The storm water drains Population Density and Locations Exposed to
cover only 23% of the roads. Flooding in Past
• The newly acquired areas of
AMC do not have storm
water drainage system
because of which areas get
flooded.
• The central core of the city
does not face any water
logging issues.
• Many old structures where
structural quality needs
regular assessment.
• Residential land use is
proposed to be increased in
AMC areas which can put
more pressure on land and
infrastructure services
 Infrastructure Status in the City
Status of Service Level Benchmark in Ahmedabad City
    AHMEDABAD

VARIABLES   6,352,254 (POPULATION 2011-UA)

  BENCHMARK
WATER SUPPLY Low Medium High
Coverage of water supply 100 90%
Per capita water supply 135 LPCD 140-160 lpcd
SEWERAGE SYSTEM    
Coverage of waste water network services 100 85%
Coverage of toilets 100 NA
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT SYSTEM    
Household coverage to collect MSW 100% 100%
Efficiency of collection of MSW 100% 65%
STROM WATER DRAINAGE    
Coverage of drainage system 100 32%
Incident of water logging/flooding ZERO NA
Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for
the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city
department of urban development.
Low: safe
Medium: need improvement
High: critical
Infrastructure Status in the City
 Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Plan
• Ahmedabad city awareness toward disaster resilience and capacity building is
appreciable especially after the Bhuj earthquake the state administration has taken
many steps in this context.
• The Government of Gujarat for the first time in India enacted the Gujarat Disaster
Management Act, 2003.
• There is a high influence of State Disaster Management Authority on the
response and recovery plan for the city. The city administration has police , fire
bridge and a control room to handle.
• The city administration has implemented the building codes in the cities that are
earthquake prone.
• In 2013 the state government also launched Heat Action Plan for the city
considering the impact of heat waves in the city.
• Budget planning done based on past years data/actual requirements
• Professional asset valuation and transparent and speedy payment systems through
ECS/RTGS to suppliers and contractors.
 Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Ahmedabad
Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Ahmedabad
Sl. No Variables Low Medium High Index Details and Remarks
1 Socio economic conditions
1.1 Population Growth      Decadal Growth 25% (2001-2011)
1.2 Percentage of slum population      13 %
2 Infrastructure condition ( basic services)
2.1 Water supply ( lpcd)      140-160 lpcd(FY 2012-13)
2.2 Sewerage system coverage      85%
Solid waste management system
2.3      100%
coverage
Drainage ( coverage & water
2.4      32% of storm water drain coverage
logging incidences)
3 Governance and Institutional Framework
State Emergency Operation Centre
3.1 Disaster response system     
present
City Disaster Management Structure in place with assigned
3.2     
department responsibilities
Dedicated persons to handle and Not mentioned clearly. This affects
3.3     
update DRR data future prepardness
A State Disaster Management Plan is
3.4 DRR in urban planning     
made
Approach top down or Bottom up Presence of both approach brings
3.5     
approach clarity in functioning during disasters
4 Investments and Intervention to improve urban services
2% of total JnNURM funds
Investments in water sector
4.1      sanctioned for water supply
(%)
projects. Project completed

20% of total JnNURM funds

Investments in sanitation sanctioned for 6 sewerage projects.
4.2     
sector (%) 5 completed and remaining one
70% physical progress
Investments in solid waste 4% of total JnNURM funds
4.3     
sector (%) sanctioned for SWM projects.
Investments in storm water 11% of total JnNURM funds
4.4     
drainage sector (%) sanctioned for SWD projects
14% of total JnNURM funds
4.5 Investments in BSUP (%)     
sanctioned for housing for poor
State Disaster Response Fund
Is there any dedicated budget present to carry out Emergency
4.6     
in place for DRR Response & Relief activities after
any disaster.
Incentive to house owners,
4.7 business houses and public       No information found
sector who comply to DRR
Budget for low income group to
4.8       No information found
make them disaster resilient
5 Adaptation Strategies in the Cities

There is State Disaster Response Force in

Human Resource-Trained workforce to
place who organizes community
5.1 community interaction, community     
interaction, community awareness initiative
awareness initiative etc
etc
Present for cyclones, tsunami, not for
5.2 Early warning system     
earthquakes
In State Disaster Management Plan
5.3 Updated previous disaster data base      available for the whole state; city specific
not present
6 Mitigation Actions by Category

Emergency Services- like Dedicated

control room for information State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC)
6.1 dispensation and coordination and      in place. Equipment's/vehicles provided by
Necessary equipments in place and GSDMA to Ahmedabad.
functioning

Building bylaws modified in 2007 to

Building codes for current and future
6.2      include seismic parameters, rain water
construction
harvesting and solar energy utilization

Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present
status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation
and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of
urban development.
Low: Least vulnerable, Medium: vulnerable, High: Most vulnerable
 Recommendations

• Disaster risk reduction and building resilience should be integrated into

city planning to cope with the number of hazards the city is exposed to.

• Database management : A disaster timeline for the city with details

regarding its impact on human, animal, agriculture and infrastructure
should be maintained.

• authorities should aim to make its citizens more resilient to impacts at

the local level.

• A City resilience plan should be prepared for Ahmedabad considering its

exposure to hazards and potential to emerge as a major metropolitan
city.

• Rain water recharge should be made mandatory to revive depleting

ground water levels
 CASE STUDY –PUNE CITY
Demography and Urbanisation
• Pune city is the second largest metropolitan
city in Maharashtra .
• It is the 8th largest metropolitan city of India.
• The growth rate in the core part of the city is
•Population: 5,049,968 (2011)
about 2 – 2.5% per year.
•Decadal Growth rate (2001-
• The annual growth rate in peripheral wards is
2011): 30.34% compared to
about 4.4%. population as per 2001
• The total number of slums in Pune are 564 out • Total Slum population:
of which 353 (i.e. 64%) are notified by the 6,90,545
municipal body and 211 (36%) are undeclared •Literacy rate:91.61
or un-notified (PMC). •Sex ratio: 945 per thousand
• These areas lack basic services and amenities males
that make the slum dwellers exposed to •Height from mean sea level
•560 meters (MSL)
natural hazards
•Topography: Inland city
 EXPOSURE TO HAZARDS
A ward wise disaster exposure and risk areas in Pune show that most of the wards are
exposed to hazards like earthquake, floods, landslides due to construction and fire accidents
Ward Wise Disaster Exposure and Risk Areas in Pune
Name of the Wards Floods Earthquake Landslides Fire & Industrial
Aundh H M H L
Kothrud M M H M
Ghole road H M L L
Warje – Karve Naga H M M M
Dhole Patil Road H L L L
Hadapsar H H M M
Nagar Road L L L H
Sangamwadi L L L H
BhavaniPeth L H L H
Kasba-VishramBaag L H L H
Sahakar Nagar L H L M
Tilak Road M H L M
Bibvewadi L H L L
Dhankawadi L M H L
Source: Pune City Disaster Management Plan-2012
Note: The exposure to risk is categorized in high (H), medium (M) and low (L). The darker
shades of the color represent high risk, the lighter shade represents low risk.
 KEY FINDINGS
• Floods have played a critical Flood Vulnerability Assessment Map
role in shaping Pune’s character
to a great extent

• The ongoing urbanization will

result in more run- off

• The city is also surrounded by

dams and overflowing of these
dams is the main cause of
flooding in Pune

• Low lying areas are the major

affects of floods. The
probability of floods is
moderate and intensity is low
to moderate.
• Pune has always been known for its good climate, but in the last few years the city has
been receiving heavy rainfall which has given rise to yearly floods in Pune.
 Location of slums and flood zones in Pune
• There was a net increase of
around 5.33% in the built up
area

• In most of the construction

about 40 to 50 % in some
wards are weak structures
and houses are old types,
located in slums

• Around 40% of the

population lives in slums

• These slums lack basic

services
• The coverage of drains to
roads is only 52 percent
in the city
• Adequacy of the cities treatment capacity of waste water is just 71% which indicates that
29% of wastewater is still untreated and disposed into various streams in the city
 Infrastructure Status in the City
Status of Service Level Benchmark in Pune City
    PUNE
VARIABLES   5,049,968
  BENCHMARK (POPULATION 2011-UA)
WATER SUPPLY  L M H
Coverage of water supply 100 94.2
Per capita water supply 135 LPCD 194 lpcd
SEWERAGE SYSTEM    
Coverage of waste water network services 100 97
Coverage of toilets 100 97
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT SYSTEM    
Household coverage to collect MSW 100% 52
Efficiency of collection of MSW 100% 100
STROM WATER DRAINAGE    
Coverage of drainage system 100 55
Incident of water logging/flooding ZERO 52
Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for
the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city
department of urban development.
Low: safe
Medium: need improvement
High: critical
 Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Plan
• The Government of Maharashtra (GoM) has established a mechanism for disaster
preparedness and mitigation by integrating science and technology with
communication network facilitates.

• A State Disaster Management Action Plan to support and strengthen the efforts of
the district administration.

• At the apex of the responsibility structure for response plan PMC/PCMC was given
charge managing the head of technical team for fire, city engineers and police
control room/ officers.

• The management plan for disaster is fully functioning and is one of the best
initiatives take by the municipal government at ward level

• DPR is prepared for Water supply considering the prepared covering augmentation
• ULBs have trained staff

• The revenue sources of the Corporation may be broadly classified as internal or

operating income and external receipts.
 Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Pune
Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Pune City
Sr.No Variables Low Medium High Index Details and Remarks
1 Socio economic conditions
Decadal Growth 30.34% in
1.1 Population Growth      2001
Population density in the city Approximately 40% of the
1.2     
(Percentage of slum population) total population
2 Infrastructure condition ( basic services)
2.1 Water supply ( lpcd)      194 lpcd FY 2012-13
2.2 Sewerage system coverage      97%
Solid waste management system
2.3      52.7%.
coverage
Drainage ( coverage & water logging road drainage network is only
2.4     
incidences) 52 percent.

Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities
to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected
from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster
management authority and city department of urban development.
Low: Least vulnerable, Medium: vulnerable, High: Most vulnerable
3 Governance and Institutional Framework
Fully functioning emergency
3.1 Disaster response system     
operation centre present

City Disaster Management Structure in place with

3.2     
department assigned responsibilities

Dedicated persons to handle and

3.3      Done but not regular
update DRR data
3.4 DRR in urban planning      Mixed
Approach top down or Bottom up Documented and
3.5     
approach Implemented
4 Adaptation Strategies in the Cities
Prevention( preparedness
4.1      reports of activity are available
drills/mock drills, regular training)

Human Resource-Trained workforce

Yes through workshops/mock
4.2 to community interaction,     
drills/trainings
community awareness initiative etc
Early warning system and
4.3      Present for floods
rehabilitation
Some events are documented
4.4 Updated previous disaster data base     
in the CDMP
5 Mitigation Actions by Category
Emergency Services- like Dedicated
control room for information
Emergency operation centre is
5.1 dispensation and coordination and     
in place
Necessary equipment's in place and
functioning
5.2 Natural Resource Protection      executed
Building code to include
Building codes for current and future
5.4      seismic parameters, rain water
construction
harvesting
Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the
present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal
corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city
department of urban development.

• The city is equipped with the technology and knowledge in the field of disaster
resilience.
• The city has detailed disaster management plan and a response system.
• E-governance and improving efficiency of delivery system of urban services is
also considered widely
 Recommendations

• Assessment of city growth and infrastructure needs to be carried out.

• Detailed feasibility/engineering studies should be carried out for new projects.

• Assigning of priorities within the constraint of available financial resources should be taken care of.

• The growth in population is also likely to exacerbate the already stressed modes of public transport
and will impact other services; hence, planned efforts are required to direct the growth in the right
direction.
• Government should explore more options in land use planning and suitability.

• Strict enforcement of Development Control (DC) rules must be observed.

• The major issue in the city is the database management system for past disaster events. There is a
need to maintain and update the data for each event regularly.

• Physical development and growth are haphazard and uncontrolled. The Development Plan needs to
be implemented correctly and reserved lands have to be used for specified purposes.
 CASE STUDY BHOPAL
Demography and Urbanisation
• Population of the city increased from 1.02
lakhs in 1951 to 17.96 lakhs in 2011.
• Bhopal is a major centre of industries in
the region.

Decadal Population Growth Rate •Total Population (Census of

140.00% India-2011):883,381 (2011)
120.00% 117.65% •Population Decadal Growth:
100.00% 25.33% (2001– 2011)
80.00% 72.97% 74.74%
•Total Slum population:
58.27% 4,79,699 (Census 2011)
60.00%
•Literacy rate: 85.24 %
40.00% 34.93%
25.33% •Sex ratio:911 females per
20.00%
thousand males.
0.00%
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 •Height from mean sea level
(MSL): 427 m (MSL)
•Topography: Terrain with
several hilltops or plateaus
 EXPOSURE TO HAZARDS

• Bhopal, lie in Zone II, where the maximum expected intensity is VI (MSK).

• The city has experienced flooding of upper lake in 1973

• In 2006 City experienced 32.1 cm rains within less than 15 hours, a

record in 80 years leading to loss of life and property

• The city has experienced severe water crises during 2002 & again in
2009 due to drying up of all lakes in the city.

• The future water demand projection depending on the population

growth rates indicates that water demand in year 2031 for Bhopal city
would increase to 536 MLD.
 KEY FINDINGS

• Bhopal city is exposed to the natural hazards like earthquake, floods, water scarcity,
and urban floods.

• The presence of a large number of industries also makes the city vulnerable to
industrial disasters.

• The infrastructure in terms of solid waste management and storm water drainage
should be improved as the current coverage is only 47% and 60% respectively.

• Efficient drainage system would minimize the chances of urban flooding which the
city has already experienced twice in the recent years.

• Integrated project management covering disaster resilience, adaptation,

environment and sustainability, is highly required as the city is being upgraded on
all fronts.
 Infrastructure Status in the City
Status of Service Level Benchmark in Bhopal City
    BHOPAL
1,883,381
(POPULATION 2011-UA)
VARIABLES  
  BENCHMARK  L M H
WATER SUPPLY
Coverage of water supply 100 58%
Per capita water supply 135 LPCD 150 lpcd
SEWERAGE SYSTEM    
Coverage of waste water network services 100 12%
Coverage of toilets 100 81%
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT SYSTEM    
Household coverage to collect MSW 100% 47%
Efficiency of collection of MSW 100% 81%
STROM WATER DRAINAGE    
Coverage of drainage system 100 60%
Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the
Incident
city. Data forof
thewater logging/flooding
other variable ZEROand city development plan. Other sources
is collected from the municipal corporation 0% are city disaster
management authority and city department of urban development.
Low: safe
Medium: need improvement
High: critical
 Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Plan

• An institutional mechanism needs to be developed which brings all agencies on a

common platform such that overlaps, departmental delays, duplication is reduced and
faster delivery of projects is ensured
• The city lack any formal implementation of the disaster management plan.

• It is found that SDMA has not developed City disaster management plan nor disaster
preparedness manuals for schools, apartments, govt. offices, Hospitals and
commercial buildings.

• Recovery of expenditure rendered to public through tax and bills are on lower side
and needs transparent and efficient mechanisms.

• The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) policy statement there is

discussion of dedicated funds for the disaster management activity but whether the
funds are made available and utilized in capacity building and awareness exercises is
not mentioned.
 Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Bhopal
Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Bhopal City
Sl.No Variables Low Medium High Index Details and Remarks
1 Socio economic conditions
1.1 Decadal growth % of population      As per census 2011 the decadal growth % is
25.33%
1.2 Population density in the city      Slum population is approximately 26%
(hazard prone areas/slum
population percentage)
1.3 Percentage of urban poor      As per census 2001 BPL population of the
population (BPL) city above 50%
2 Infrastructure condition ( basic services)
2.1 Water supply ( lpcd)      Per capita water supply is 150 lpcd
2.2 Sewerage system coverage      Sewerage system coverage 81%
2.3 Solid waste management system      47% of the households were covered under
coverage solid waste management system
2.4 Drainage ( coverage & water      Drainage coverage in the city was 60%, no
logging incidences) water logging incidences occurred

Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the
present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal
corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city
department of urban development.
Low: Least vulnerable, Medium: Vulnerable, High: Most vulnerable
S.No Variables Low Medium High Index Details and Remarks

3 Governance and Institutional Framework

3.1 Disaster response system (Emergency      Emergency Operation Centre not present
Operation Centre present physically) physically
3.2 City Disaster Management department      Not present
3.3 Dedicated persons to handle and update DRR      No information found
data
3.4 DRR in urban planning      Not done
3.5 Approach top down or Bottom up approach      District Disaster Management plan doesn’t
exist only a document for industrial
disaster management plan is there.
4 Investments and Intervention to improve urban services

4.1 Investments in water sector (%) of allocated      Rs 43137.94 lakhs allocated , 39% financial
budget spent progress
4.2 Investments in sanitation sector (%)of      No investments
allocated budget spent
4.3 Investments in solid waste sector (%)of      No investments
allocated budget spent
4.6 Is there any dedicated budget in place for      No information found
DRR
4.7 Incentive to house owners, business houses      No information found
and public sector who comply to DRR
4.8 Budget for low income group to make them      No information found
disaster resilient
S.No Variables Low Medium High Index Details and Remarks

5 Adaptation strategies in the cities        

5.1 Prevention( preparedness drills/mock drills,      No information found
regular training)
5.2 Human Resource-Trained workforce to      No information found
community interaction, community awareness
initiative etc
5.3 Early warning system and rehabilitation      No information found
5.4 Updated previous disaster data base      No consolidated data base in found
with loss figuresaffecting the future
preparedness
6 Mitigation Actions by Category        
6.1 Emergency Services- like Dedicated control      No information found
room for information dispensation and
coordination and Necessary equipment's in
place and functioning
6.2 Natural Resource Protection      Rs 4000 lakhs allocated for
environmental up gradation (CDP),
100 % financial progress
6.3 Building codes for current and future      Not revised
construction

Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present
status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation
and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of
urban development.
Low: Least vulnerable, Medium: Vulnerable, High: Most vulnerable
 Recommendations

• For a better governance and optimum available resource utilization is necessary.

• It is recommended that local government should put an effort to formulate the
City Disaster Management Plan apart from the Industrial Disaster Management
plan .
• Data should be updated at regular interval i.e. yearly) at one place so that it can be
easily accessed by all the government agencies.
• The natural resource component shall also not be ignored in the revised city
development plan and adequate budget shall be assigned for it.
• A trained workforce for post disaster relief, community interaction, & awareness is
recommended.
• The capacity building exercises like preparedness drills must be conducted on
regular basis.
• The catchment areas in the cities should also be managed efficiently to minimize
the risk of flooding.
A Comparative Overview
 A Comparative Vulnerability Matrix of Cities

Exposure to Hazards of the Cities

Sl. No Variables Low Medium High Index Details and Remarks
Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Ahmedabad City
1.1 Earthquakes      Seismic Zone III
1.2 Landslides      No records
1.3 Urban Floods      Incidence of urban floods every two to three years.
According to the wind and cyclone zoning United
1.4 Cyclones      Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report
Ahmedabad lies in the "very high damage risk".
1.5 Water scarcity (days/occurrences)      Incidence of water scarcity in 1999-2000
Heat Waves (Temp crossing 400C and Existing records indicate that average summer
1.6     
number of occurrences) temperatures increasing,
1.7 Industrial Hazards/Fire      High concentration of MAH units in Ahmedabad
Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Pune City
2.1 Earthquakes      Seismic Zone III
2.2 Landslides      Only in the out city areas
2.3 Urban Floods      Yearly occurrence and high frequency
2.4 Water scarcity (days/occurrences)      Yearly occurrence and in winter months
Heat Waves (Temp crossing 40 C and
0
2.5      Gradually intensity is increasing
number of occurrences)
2.6 Industrial Hazards/Fire      Rarely occurs low frequency
Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Bhopal City
3.1 Earthquakes      Bhopal lies in Zone II
3.2 Landslides      City not prone to landslides
3.3 Urban Floods      Flooding occurred in 1973-74 and 2006 due to heavy
rains
3.4 Cyclones      City not prone to cyclones
3.5 Heat Waves (Temp crossing 400C and      City vulnerable to heat waves.
number of occurrences)
3.6 Water Scarcity(days/occurrences)      Severe water crisis in 2002 and 2009
3.7 Industrial Hazards      City vulnerable to industrial hazards due to presence of
many industries
 Comparative Resilience Matrix : Efficiency of Basic Infrastructure and Services
INFRASTRCUTURE AND SERVICES
    AHMEDABAD PUNE BHOPAL
VARIABLES   (POPULATION 2011-UA)
  BENCHMARK 6,352,254 5,049,968 1,883,381
 L M H  L M H  L M H
WATER SUPPLY  L M H

Coverage of water supply 100 90% 94.2% 58%

Per capita water supply 135 LPCD 140-160 lpcd 194 lpcd 150 lpcd
SEWERAGE SYSTEM        
Coverage of waste water network services 100 85% 97 12%
Coverage of toilets 100 NA 97 81%
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT SYSTEM        
Household coverage to collect MSW 100% 100% 52 47%
Efficiency of collection of MSW 100% 65% 100 81%
STROM WATER DRAINAGE        
Coverage of drainage system 100 32% 55 60%
Data Source:
Incident Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the
of water logging/flooding ZERO NA 52 0%
city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster
management authority and city department of urban development.
Low: safe
Medium: need improvement
High: critical
Recommendations and Priorities for Action and Strategies
 Response &Recovery : Improvement on disaster response system and building strategies
for improving recovery system.
 Infrastructure Conditions: Infrastructure towards sewerage, solid waste management and
drainage must be developed to improve the quality of basic services provided to urban poor.
 Government and Institutional Framework: Under government and institutional framework,
responsibility should be assigned to update the disaster data with loss figures (impact).
There is an urgent need to integrate urban planning to DRR.
 Investment and Interventions: From the investment data it has been found that funds are
not invested towards BSUP, MSW and sanitation, despite budgetary provisions being made
for the same.
 Adaptation Strategies: Towards adaptation strategies to build administration for proactive
preparedness and trained staff
 Interventions are required in early warning system (floods and cyclones) and disaster
database update for future reference.
 Mitigation Actions: prepared for emergency services and revision of building codes.
interventions for the protection of natural resources.
 Climate Resilience Plan Development of State / Regional

Incorporation of prudent
climate and disaster
Vulnerability assessment
resilient plan into City
of cities at the city level
Development Plan &
Master Plan

Strengthen strategic Role Mainstreaming of climate

of ULBs to bring more concerns in many other
investment related initiatives
 THANK YOU

Dr. Jyoti K. Parikh

[email protected]

C 80 Shivalik, Malviya Nagar,

New Delhi 110017,
Tel: +91 (11) 2668 2226
Fax:2667 6180,
Web: www.irade.org
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