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Satellite Communication Systems: Dr. Mehmood Alam Email

This document discusses satellite communication system noise. It begins by defining the link power budget equation and noise power spectral density. It describes different sources of noise including thermal noise, antenna noise, amplifier noise, and noise from absorptive networks. It discusses how to calculate the overall system noise temperature and carrier-to-noise ratio. The document also covers concepts like input/output backoff, uplink/downlink calculations, and the effects of rain including rain attenuation curves and increased sky noise temperature due to rain.

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26 views

Satellite Communication Systems: Dr. Mehmood Alam Email

This document discusses satellite communication system noise. It begins by defining the link power budget equation and noise power spectral density. It describes different sources of noise including thermal noise, antenna noise, amplifier noise, and noise from absorptive networks. It discusses how to calculate the overall system noise temperature and carrier-to-noise ratio. The document also covers concepts like input/output backoff, uplink/downlink calculations, and the effects of rain including rain attenuation curves and increased sky noise temperature due to rain.

Uploaded by

ishac kaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Dr. Mehmood Alam


Email: [email protected]
The Link-Power Budget Equation
The decibel equation for the received power

The losses for clear sky conditions are


System Noise
The available noise power from a thermal noise source is given by

k - Boltzmans const. = 1.38x10-23J/K


TN - Equivalent noise temperature (K)
BN - Noise Bandwidth (Hz)

Noise power spectral density


System Noise
Antenna noise
 Antennas operating in the receiving mode introduce noise into the satellite circuit.
 Noise therefore will be introduced by the satellite receive antenna and the ground station
receive antenna.
 Although the physical origins of the noise in either case are similar, the magnitudes of the
effects differ significantly
System Noise
Antenna noise
The antenna noise can be broadly classified into two groups:
1. sky noise
Noise originating from the microwave radiation which is present throughout the
universe and which appears to originate from matter in any form at finite
temperatures
2. Noise originating from antenna losses
The equivalent noise temperature of the sky

The antenna pointing


just above the horizon.

• Thermal radiation of
earth
• lower limit of about 5°
at C band and 10° at Ku
band on the elevation
angle

The antenna pointing


directly overhead
System Noise
Antenna noise
Figure in the previous slide applies to ground-based antennas. Satellite antennas are generally
pointed toward the earth, and therefore, they receive the full thermal radiation from it. In this
case the equivalent noise temperature of the antenna, excluding antenna losses, is
approximately 290 K
Antenna losses add to the noise received as radiation, and the total antenna noise
temperature is the sum of the equivalent noise temperatures of all these sources.
For large ground-based C-band antennas, the total antenna noise temperature is typically
about 60 K, and for the Ku band, about 80 K under clear-sky conditions
System Noise
Antenna noise

The noise temperature as a function of angle of elevation for a 1.8-m antenna operating in the Ku band
Cont…
Amplifier noise temperature

Te can be obtained by measurement, a typical value being in the range 35 to 100 K


Cont…
Amplifiers in cascade

Overall gain
Cont…
Amplifiers in cascade

• It shows that the noise temperature of the second stage is divided by the power gain of the first stage
when referred to the input.

• Therefore, in order to keep the overall system noise as low as possible, the first stage (usually an LNA)
should have high power gain as well as low noise temperature
Cont…
Amplifiers in cascade
Cont…
Noise factor , F
 An alternative way of representing amplifier noise is by means of its noise factor, F.
 It is the ratio of the Signal to Noise Ratio at the input to the Signal to Noise Ratio at the output. 

• Relationship between noise temperature and noise factor

To (Room Temp) Usually taken as 290K


Noise figure
Example
Cont…
Noise temperature of absorptive networks

 An absorptive network contains resistive elements. E.g., Resistive attenuators, transmission


lines, and waveguides, rain. These elements introduce losses by absorbing energy from the signal and
converting it to heat

 The power loss is simply the ratio of input power to output power and will always be
greater than unity.
 The equivalent noise temperature of the network
referred to the output terminals of the network.
Cont…
Noise temperature of absorptive networks

The equivalent noise at the output can be transferred to the input on dividing by the network power
gain, which by definition is 1/L.

At room temperature the noise factor of a lossy


network is equal to its power loss
F=L
Cont..
Overall system noise temperature
Cont..
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio C/N (or CNR)
The ratio of carrier power to noise power at the receiver input, PR/PN
A measure of the performance of a satellite link
 Link-budget calculations are often concerned with determining this ratio
In terms of dB

(Determines receiver performance )


Cont…
The ratio of carrier power to noise power density PR/No . Since

Uplink
Saturation flux density
The flux density required at the receiving antenna to produce saturation of the Traveling-wave
tube amplifier (TWTA) is termed the saturation flux density.

This is for clear-sky conditions and gives the minimum value of [EIRP]
which the earth station must provide to produce a given flux density
at the satellite.

Where Ao is the effective area of isotropic antenna


Input backoff

 where a number of carriers are present simultaneously in a TWTA, the operating point must be
backed off to a linear portion of the transfer characteristic to reduce the effects of intermodulation
distortion.
 Input BO will be specified for multiple-carrier operation, referred to the single-carrier saturation level.
 The earth-station EIRP will have to be reduced by the specified BO, resulting in an uplink value of

and
Downlink
Downlink

……………. (A)

The values to be used are the satellite EIRP, the earth station receiver feeder losses, and the
earth-station receiver G/T
Output backoff
Where input BO is employed at the ES EIRP, a corresponding output BO must be allowed for in
the satellite EIRP.
As the output BO is not linearly related
to input BO, a rule of thumb, frequently
used, is to take the output BO as the
point on the curve which is 5 dB below
the extrapolated linear portion.
Output backoff
Since the linear portion gives a 1:1 change in decibels, the relationship
between input and output BO is

Equation A becomes
Reading Assignment
12.7.3 The earth station HPA
12.8.2 Satellite TWTA output
Book:
Dennis Roddy-Satellite Communications, Fourth Edition
Effects of Rain
 In the C band and, more especially, the Ku band, rainfall is the most significant cause of signal
fading
 Rainfall results in attenuation of radio waves by scattering and by absorption of energy from
the wave
 Studies have shown (CCIR Report 338-3, 1978) that the rain attenuation for horizontal
polarization is considerably greater than for vertical polarization.
 Causes depolarization
Effects of Rain

Rain Information are available in the forms of


curves and tables

Table shows the fraction of time that a given


attenuation is exceeded or, equivalently, the
probability that a given attenuation will be
exceeded
Effects of Rain
The effective noise temperature of the rain
A- Rain attenuation
Ta- Apparent absorber temperature

The total sky-noise temperature

Rainfall therefore degrades the received [C/N0] in two ways: by attenuating the carrier wave and
by increasing the sky-noise temperature.

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