QUESTIONED

DOCUMENTS
EXAMINATION
RENZ A. VENTURA RCRIM
TOP 2 (88.10%) DEC 2017 CLE RG. 2
 • QUESTIONED DOCUMENT TIMELINE
• 1609 – TREATISE ON SYSTEMATIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
WAS PUBLISHED BY FRANCIS DEMELLE OF FRANCE
• 1810 – 1ST RECORDED USED OF Q.D. ANALYSIS OCCURRED IN
GERMANY. A CHEMICAL TEST FOR A PARTICULAR INK DYE WAS
APPLIED TO A DOCUMENT KNOWN AS KONIGIN HANSCHRITT
• 1882 – GILBERT THOMPSON, RAILROAD
BUILDER WITH THE US GEOGRAPHICAL
SURVEY ON MEXICO, PUT HIS OWN
THUMBPRINT ON WAGE CHITS TO
SAFEGUARD HIMSELF FROM FORGERIES.

 ALFRED DREYFUS
• 1894 - FRENCH ARMY OFFICER WHICH
SENTENCE TO LIFE IN PRISON IN BECAUSE
OF WRONGFUL JUDGMENT BASED ON
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION.
 STATE VS. HAUPTMAN
“LINDBERGH BABY CASE”. IN
WHICH OSBORNE PROVED
IN COURT AS AN EXPERT
THAT THE ACCUSED BRUNO
RICHARD HAUPTMANN HAD
WRITTEN ALL THE RANSOM
NOTES SENT. (1935)
• CHARLES CHADBOT –
MADE THE FIRST BOOK
IN ENGLISH TO ASSERT
THAT THERE WAS A
SCIENCE OF
HANDWRITING
IDENTIFICATION
• DR. WILSON HARRISON
 POLICE INVESTIGATOR
CAN DETECT ALMOST 75%
OF ALL FORGERIES BY
CAREFUL INSPECTION OF
A DOCUMENT WITH
SIMPLE MAGNIFIERS AND
MEASURING TOOLS.
 WHAT IS A DOCUMENT?

ANY INSTRUMENT THAT CONTAINS A MARK, SYMBOL,

OR SIGN, EITHER VISIBLE OR PARTIALLY VISIBLE OR
INVISIBLE THAT MAY PRESENTLY CONVEY MEANING
OR A MESSAGE TO SOMEONE
• LATIN WORD “DOCUMENTUM”, MEANS “LESSON,
• FRENCH WORD “DOCERE”, MEANS TO TEACH.
 • LEGAL BASIS OF DOCUMENTS
• (PEOPLE VS. MORENO) CA, 338 O.G. 119: ANY WRITTEN DOCUMENT
BY WHICH A RIGHT IS ESTABLISHED OR AN OBLIGATION IS
EXTINGUISHED.
• (PEOPLE VS. NILLOSQUIN) CA, 48 O.G. 4453: EVERY DEED OR
INSTRUMENT EXECUTED BY PERSON BY WHICH SOME DISPOSITION
OR AGREEMENT IS PROVED, EVIDENCED OR SETFORTH.
• UNDER THE BEST EVIDENCE RULE: ANY PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT OF
INFORMATION OR IDEAS; E.G. A LETTER, A CONTRACT, A RECEIPT, A
BOOK OF ACCOUNT, A BLUR PRINT, OR AN XRAY PLATE (BLACK‟S
LAW DICTIONARY).
WRITING WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE DOCUMENTS
A DRAFT OF A MUNICIPAL PAYROLL WHICH IS NOT YET
APPROVED BY THE PROPER AUTHORITY (PEOPLE VS.
CAMACHO, 44 PHIL. 484)
MERE BLANK FORM OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, THE SPACES
OF WHICH ARE NOT FILLED UP (PEOPLE VS. SANTIAGO, CA,
48 O.G. 4558).
PAMPHLETS OR BOOKS WHICH DO NOT EVIDENCE ANY
DISPOSITION OR AGREEMENT ARE NOT DOCUMENTS BUT
ARE MERE MERCHANDISE (PEOPLE VS. AGNIS, 47 PHIL. 945).
 CATEGORIES OF DOCUMENT

• QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – DOCUMENT TO WHICH AN ISSUE

HAS BEEN RAISED OR WHICH IS UNDER SCRUTINY. THE FOCAL
POINT OF THE EXAMINATION AND TO WHICH THE DOCUMENT
EXAMINER RELIES AS TO THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM. ALSO
REFERRED AS “DISPUTED DOCUMENT”
• STANDARD DOCUMENT – DOCUMENT WHICH THE ORIGIN IS
KNOWN AND CAN BE PROVEN AND CAN BE LEGALLY BE USED
AS SAMPLE TO COMPARE WITH OTHER THINGS IS QUESTIONED
 TYPE OF STANDARD DOCUMENT

• COLLECTED/PROCURED – STANDARD SPECIMEN

EXECUTED IN THE REGULAR COURSE OF MAN’S
ACTIVITY OR THAT WHICH ARE EXECUTED ON THE
DAY TO DAY WRITING ACTIVITY.
• REQUESTED/DICTATED – “POST LITEL MOTAM” A
STANDARD DOCUMENT WHICH ARE EXECUTED
UPON REQUEST, THEY ARE PREPARE AT ONE TIME.
COMPARISON
ACT OF SETTING TWO OR MORE ITEMS SIDE BY SIDE
TO WEIGH THEIR IDENTIFYING DETAILS.

COLLATION
CRITICAL COMPARISON OR SIDE BY SIDE
EXAMINATION
PHASES OF QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
SOLUTION
EVALUATIO
N
COMPARISON

ANALYSIS

COLLECTION

QD CASE
 • LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF DOCUMENT
• PUBLIC - ANY INSTRUMENT NOTARIZED BY A NOTARY
PUBLIC OR COMPETENT PUBLIC OFFICIAL WITH THE
SOLEMNITIES REQUIRED BY LAW.
• CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION PAPERS
• OFFICIAL RECEIPT REQUIRED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO BE
ISSUED UPON RECEIPT OF MONEY FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES
• RESIDENCE CERTIFICATE
• DRIVER’S LICENSE
OFFICIAL - ANY INSTRUMENT ISSUED BY THE
GOVERNMENT OR ITS AGENTS OR OFFICERS HAVING
AUTHORITY TO DO SO AND THE OFFICES, WHICH IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR CREATION, THEY ARE
AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE. REGISTER OF ATTORNEYS
OFFICIALLY KEPT BY THE CLERK OF THE SUPREME
COURT IN WHICH IT IS INSCRIBED THE NAME OF
EACH ATTORNEY ADMITTED TO THE PRACTICE OF
LAW
• PUBLIC DOCUMENT IS BROADER THAN THE
TERM OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. BEFORE A
DOCUMENT MAY BE CONSIDERED OFFICIAL, IT
MUST FIRST BE PUBLIC DOCUMENT.
• TO BECOME AN OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, THERE
MUST BE A LAW WHICH REQUIRES A PUBLIC
OFFICER TO ISSUE OR TO RENDER SUCH
DOCUMENT.
• PRIVATE – EVERY DEED OR INSTRUMENT
BY A PRIVATE PERSON WITHOUT THE
INTERVENTION OF THE NOTARY PUBLIC
OR OF ANY OTHER PERSON LEGALLY
AUTHORIZED, BY WHICH DOCUMENT
SOME DISPOSITION OR AGREEMENT IS
PROVED, EVIDENCED OR SET FORTH.
 2 TYPES OF LAST WILL AND
TESTAMENT
• HOLOGRAPHIC WILL – ENTIRELY WRITTEN
BY THE TESTATOR.
• NOTARIAN WILL – SIGNED BY THE
TESTATOR ACKNOWLEDGED BEFORE THE
NOTARY PUBLIC WITH WITNESSES.
• COMMERCIAL - ANY INSTRUMENT
EXECUTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
CODE OF COMMERCE OF ANY
MERCANTILE LAW CONTAINING
DISPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL RIGHTS
OR OBLIGATIONS.
OTHER TYPES OF DOCUMENT
• ANCIENT DOCUMENT – A DOCUMENT
THAT IS MORE THAN 30 YEARS KEPT IN A
PLACE WHERE IT IS NORMALLY TO BE
FOUND IT GENUINE AND NOT
EMBELLISHED BY ANY ALTERATION.
• ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT –
INFORMATION, DATA, FIGURES,
SYMBOLS OR OTHER MODES
OF WRITTEN EXPRESSION,
DESCRIBED OR HOWEVER
REPRESENTED WHICH IS
RECEIVED, RECORDED,
TRANSMITTED, STORED,
PROCESSED, RETRIEVED OR
PRODUCED ELECTRONICALLY.
GRAPHOLOGY – THE ACT OF ATTEMPTING TO
INTERPRET THE CHARACTER OR PERSONALITY
OF AN INDIVIDUAL FROM HIS HANDWRITING
PALEOGRAPHY – IT IS THE STUDY OF EARLY
WRITINGS, OLD AND ANCIENT SCRIPTS. IT ALSO
FOCUSES ON WRITINGS DONE ON PAPYRUS,
PARCHMENT, VELLUM, ETC.
PETROGRAMS – WRITINGS AND DRAWINGS
PRINTED ON THE SURFACE OF THE ROCKS.
AMBIDEXTROUS – ABILITY TO WRITE WITH
BOTH LEFT AND RIGHT
 • CLASSIFICATION OF QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT
 DOCUMENT WITH QUESTIONED SIGNATURE
 DOCUMENT CONTAINING FRAUDULENT ALTERATION
 HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – A DOCUMENT
COMPLETELY WRITTEN AND SIGNED BY ONE PERSON
 DOCUMENT QUESTIONED AS TO THE MATERIAL USED
IN THEIR PRODUCTION
• ICONOGRAPHS- IS THE FIRST FORM OF WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION WHICH STARTED AS FAR AS 20,000
AGO BY THE NEOLITHIC MAN WAS GRAPHICALLY
REPRESENTED BY ARRANGED OBJECTS AND
DRAWINGS ON THE WALLS OF THE CAVES AND BIG
STONES.
• PICTOGRAPHS- REPRESENTED BY PICTURES AND
BECAME SIGNS
• HIEROGLYPHICS- A KIND OF PICTURE WRITING USED
BY THE EGYPTIANS
• CUNEIFORM- A SYSTEM OF WRITING
INVENTED BY THE SUMERIANS THAT USED
WEDGE –SHAPE SYMBOLS.
• SCRIBES- ARE CORRESPONDENCE/ WRITING
FOR THE PUBLIC
 DOCUMENTS INVOLVING TYPEWRITING
 DOCUMENT QUESTIONED AS TO THEIR DATE OR
AGE
 DOCUMENT WHICH MAY IDENTIFY A PERSON
THROUGH HANDWRITING
 GENUINE DOCUMENT ERRONEOUSLY OR
FRAUDULENTLY ATTACKED/DISPUTED
 DOCUMENT CONTAINING PRINTING OR TYPE
PRINTS
• AREAS IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
• QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINER- A DOCUMENT
EXAMINER ANALYZES ANY QUESTIONED DOCUMENT AND
IS CAPABLE OF MORE THAN JUST QUESTIONS OF
AUTHORSHIP, LIMITED ONLY BY THEIR ACCESS TO
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT.
• HISTORICAL DATING- INVOLVES THE VERIFICATION OF AGE
AND WORTH OF A DOCUMENT.
• FRAUD INVESTIGATOR- FOCUSES ON THE MONEY TRAIL
AND CRIMINAL INTENT
• PAPER AND INK SPECIALIST- EXAMINE DATE, TYPE,
SOURCE AND/OR CATALOGUE VARIOUS TYPES OF PAPER,
WATERMARKS, INK, PRINTING/COPY/FAX MACHINES,
COMPUTER CARTRIDGES, ETC., USING CHEMICAL
METHODS.
• FORGERY SPECIALIST- ANALYZE ALTERED, OBLITERATED,
CHANGED, OR DOCTORED DOCUMENTS AND PHOTOS
USING INFRARED LIGHTNING, EXPENSIVE
SPECTROGRAPH EQUIPMENT, OR DIGITAL ENHANCEMENT
TECHNIQUES.
• HANDWRITING ANALYST PSYCHOLOGY EXPERT WHO
ASSESSES PERSONALITY TRAIT FROM HANDWRITING
SAMPLES,
• TYPEWRITING ANALYST EXPERT ON THE ORIGIN,
MAKE AND MODEL USED IN TYPEWRITTEN MATERIAL.
• COMPUTER CRIME INVESTIGATOR- AN EMERGING
GROUP THAT RELATES TO QDE THROUGH SOME
COMMON INVESTIGATIVE AND TESTIMONIAL
PROCEDURES.
 IMPORTANT TERMS TO
REMEMBER
 SYSTEM OF WRITING
COMBINATION OF BASIC
SHAPE & DESIGN OF LETTER
AS TAUGHT IN SCHOOL.
 COPY BOOK FORM BASIC
DESIGN OF LETTER THAT IS
FUNDAMENTAL TO THE
WRITING SYSTEM
 WRITING MOVEMENT
FACTORS RELATIVE TO THE
MOTION OF THE PEN
 SLANT DEGREE OF
WRITING INCLINATION
RELATIVE TO THE BASELINE
 BASELINE IMAGINARY OR
STRAIGHT LINE IN WHICH
THE WRITING REST
 WRITING VISIBLE RESULT OF A VERY
COMPLICATED SERIES OF ACTS, BEING
AS A WHOLE OR A COMBINATION OF
CERTAIN FORMS WHICH ARE VERY
VISIBLE RESULT OF MENTAL AND
MUSCULAR HABITS ACQUIRED BY LONG
CONTINUED PAINSTAKING EFFORT
 HANDWRITING VISIBLE EFFECT OF
BODILY MOVEMENT WHICH IS AN
ALMOST UNCONSCIOUS EXPRESSION
OF CERTAIN IDEAS ASSOCIATED WITH
SCRIPT FORM.
CUNEIFORM
System of writing
first developed by the
ancient Sumerians of
Mesopotamia c. 3500-
3000 BCE.
Is the earliest writing
system in the world.
• PAPYRUS
 A THICK PRECURSOR TO
MODERN PAPER MADE
FROM THE PITH OF THE
PAPYRUS PLANT, CYPERUS
PAPYRUS.
 PAPYRUS IS 1ST KNOWN TO
HAVE BEEN USED
IN ANCIENT EGYPT
• WRITING HABITS REPEATED ELEMENTS OF
ONE HANDWRITING WHICH SERVE AS AN
IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS.
• SIGNIFICANT WRITING HABITS ELEMENTS
OF ONE’S WRITING THAT ARE SUFFICIENTLY
UNIQUE AND WELL FIXED TO SERVE AS A
STRONG BASIS OF INDIVIDUALITY.
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• ANALYSIS OF HANDWRITING BY MEANS OF COMPARISON
AND MEASUREMENT?
a. AGRAPHIA
b. GRAPHOLOGY
c. CACOGRAPHY
d. PALEOGRAPHY
e. PHILOGRAPHY
f. NONE OF THESE
 GRAPHOLOGY

• THE STUDY OF
HANDWRITING, FOR
EXAMPLE, AS USED TO
INFER A PERSON'S
CHARACTER
• TYPES OF HANDWRITING
• CURSIVE WRITING -WRITING WHICH LETTER
JOINED TOGETHER
• HAND LETTERING- DISCONNECTED WRITING
• NATURAL WRITING -EXECUTED NORMALLY AND
WITHOUT ANY ATTEMPT TO ALTER IT USUAL
WRITING HABIT.
• DISGUISED WRITING WITH AN ATTEMPT OF
CHANGING ITS USUAL WRITING HABITS IN
THE HOPE OF HIDING ONE’S IDENTITY.
• GUIDED/ASSISTED EXECUTED WHILE THE
WRITERS HAND IS AT STEADIED.
• SIGNATURE NAME OF PERSON BY HIMSELF ON A
DOCUMENT AS A SIGN OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
• MODEL SIGNATURE GENUINE SIGNATURE WHICH
HAS BEEN USED IN PREPARING A SIMULATED OR
TRACED FORGERY.
• EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE EXECUTED IN PARTICULAR
DATE, TIME AND PLACE UNDER A PARTICULAR
WRITER’S CONDITION AND FOR PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.
 • DIGITAL SIGNATURE
• ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE CONSISTING OF A
TRANSFORMATION OF AN ELECTRONIC
DOCUMENT OR AN ELECTRONIC DATA MESSAGE
USING AN ASYMMETRIC OR PUBLIC
CRYPTOSYSTEM SUCH AS THAT A PERSON
HAVING THE INITIAL UNTRANSFORMED ELECTRIC
DOCUMENT AND THE SIGNER’S PUBLIC KEY CAN
ACCURATELY DETERMINE.
 • ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE
• REFERS TO ANY DISTINCTIVE MARK,
CHARACTERISTICS AND/OR SOUND IN
ELECTRONIC FORM, REPRESENTING THE
IDENTITY OF A PERSON ATTACHED TO
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT OR DATA MESSAGE
WITH INTENTION OF AUTHENTICATING, SIGNING
OR APPROVING AN IT.
 TYPES OF SIGNATURES
HIGHLY INDIVIDUALIZE SIGNATURE
• A TYPE OF SIGNATURE WHICH IS NOT READABLE
• CHARACTERIZED BY A SERIES OF INTERTWINING
STROKE, ORNAMENTATION AND FLOURISHES.
CONVENTIONAL OR ORDINARY COPY-BOOK FROM
SIGNATURE
• A SIGNATURE WHICH IS READABLE
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• WHAT TYPE OF SIGNATURE IS USED FOR SIGNING
MAIL, RECEIPTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS?
a. FORMAL
b. CARELESS SCRIBBLE
c. INFORMAL
d. CURSORY
• FORMAL/ COMPLETE SIGNING
• IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS OR PAPERS
• INFORMAL/CURSORY – USUALLY USE FOR
SIGNING DAILY AFFAIR, PRIMARILY OF ROUTINE
NATURE
• CARELESS SCRIBBLE – USED FOR SIGNING
RECEIPTS, MAIL AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• AN ACT OF FALSIFYING OR COUNTERFEITING ANY
TREASURE OR BANK NOTE, PAPER BILLS OR ANY
DOCUMENTS PAYABLE TO BEARER?
a. FORGERY
b. PERJURY
c. FALSE TESTIMONY
d. FALSIFICATION OF DOCUMENT
 • HOW FOREGERY IS COMMITTED? ART.169 RPC?
1. BY GIVING TO A TREASURY OR BANK NOTE OR ANY
INSTRUMENT PAYABLE TO BEARER OR TO ORDER
MENTIONED THEREIN, THE APPEARANCE OF A
TRUE AND GENUINE DOCUMENT
2. BY ERASING, SUBSTITUTING OR COUNTERFEITING
OR ALTERING BY ANY MEANS THE FIGURES,
LETTERS, WORDS OR SIGN CONTAINED THEREIN.
• PAYABLE TO BEARER MEANS PAYABLE TO THE
HOLDER OR PRESENTER.
• A PERSON HOLDING INSTRUMENTS SUCH AS
CHECKS, PROMISSORY NOTES, BANK DRAFTS, OR
BONDS IS A BEARER.
• WHEN AN INSTRUMENT IS PAYABLE TO BEARER, IT
MEANS WHOEVER HOLDS THE INSTRUMENT CAN
RECEIVE THE FUNDS DUE ON IT.
 • KINDS OF FORGERY
• SIMPLE - NO ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO MAKE
A COPY OF FACSIMILE OF THE GENUINE WRITING.
• SIMULATED - FORGED SIGNATURE WRITTEN IN
FREE HAND. (MOST SKILLFUL)
• TRACED - MADE BY SOME TRACING PROCESS OR
OUTLINE FORM
 • KINDS OF TRACING METHOD
• CARBON PROCESS - CARBON PAPER IS INTERLINED
BETWEEN THE GENUINE SIGNATURE AND THE DOCUMENT
INTENDED TO BE FORGED OR PLACED AT THE TOP
• INDENTION PROCESS- INTENDED OR CANAL LIKE OUTLINE
OF THE GENUINE SIGNATURE. TRACING WITH
CONSIDERABLE PRESSURE THE OUTLINE OF THE
SIGNATURE WITH A SHARP POINTED INSTRUMENT.
• TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS- STRONG LIGHT DIRECTED
THROUGH THE TWO SHEETS OF PAPER EITHER FROM
BELOW OR BEHIND.
 • ELEMENTS OF
FORMS OF WRITING
• ARC ROUNDED INNER
PART OF AN UPPER CURVE,
BEND OR CROOK.
• BEARD INTRODUCTORY UP
AND DOWN STROKES
FOUND IN SOME CAPITAL
LETTERS. “DOUBLE HITCH”
• BLUNT ABRUPT BEGINNING/
END AT WHICH THE PEN DOES
NOT CREATES A DIMINISHING
STROKES.
• BUCKLE KNOT HORIZONTAL
OR LOOP STROKES USED TO
COMPLETE LETTER A,H,F @ D.
• CENTRAL PART BODY OF THE
LETTER. CHARACTERIZED BY
A SMALL ROUNDED OR
CIRCULAR STROKES.
• DUCTUS LINK “DUCTUS
BROKEN” CONNECTION
BETWEEN LETTERS, EITHER
JOINED OR DISCONNECTED
• EYELET/EYELOOP SMALL
OBLONG STROKES
• HITCH INTRODUCTORY
BACKWARD STROKES FOUND
IN MOST CAPITAL LETTERS
AND IN SOME SMALL LETTERS
• HUMPS OUTER PORTION OF AN
UPPER CURVED BENT OR
CROOK.
• KNOB TINY POOL OF AN INK AT
THE BEGINNING OR ENDING
STROKES
• STEM/SHANK/STAFF
BACKBONE OF THE LETTER
CHARACTERIZED BY A LONG
DOWNWARD STROKES
• INITIAL STROKE/TERMINAL
SPUR LONG RUNNING
INITIAL OR TERMINAL
STROKES
• THROUGH ANY GARLAND
FORM OF LETTER STROKES
• WHIRL LONG UPWARD
STROKES USUALLY FOUND
OPPOSITE THE STEM
• FOOT – THE BASE OR BOTTOM OF A LETTER
THAT LIES ON THE LINE OF WRITING
• HOOK – THE BEND, CURVE OF THE INNER
SIDE OF THE BOTTOM LOOP OR CURVE OF A
SMALL LETTER
• ASCENDER – IS THE TOP PORTION OF
LETTER OR THE UPPER LOOP SUCH AS B, D,
L, F AND K
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• A STROKES ADDED TO COMPLETE CERTAIN LETTER.
THEY ARE NECESSARY TO THE LEGIBILITY OF
LETTERS?
a. HITCH
b. EMBELLISHMENT
c. DIACRITIC
d. WHIRL
• EMBELLISHMENT ADDED STROKES THAT SERVES AS
AN ORNAMENTAL OR FLOURISH TO THE DESIGN OF
THE LETTER.
• DIACRITIC STROKES ADDED TO COMPLETE CERTAIN
LETTER. THEY ARE NECESSARY TO THE LEGIBILITY
OF LETTERS.
• LINE QUALITY VISIBLE RECORDS IN THE WRITTEN
STROKES OF THE BASIC MOVEMENT AND MANNER
OF HOLDING INSTRUMENT.
 • TYPES OF MOVEMENT
1. FINGER – USED BY BEGINNER
2. HAND – WRIST SERVES A POINT OF PIVOTAL
AND OF LIMITED FREEDOM
3. FOREARM – MOST SKILLFUL
4. WHOLE ARM – USED FOR ORNAMENTAL OR
LARGE WRITING
 • ELEMENTS OF WRITING MOVEMENT
• PEN POSITION RELATIVE LOCATION OF THE PEN IN
RELATION TO THE PAPER SURFACE.
• PEN SCOPE REPRESENT THE REACH OF THE HAND
WITH THE WRIST AT REST.
• RHYTHM THE HARMONIOUS OR BALANCE IN THE
RECURRENCES OF STROKES OR IMPULSES.
• SKILLS DEGREE OF WRITER’S
PROFICIENCY IN WRITING.
• SHADING INCREASE IN THE WIDTH OF THE
LETTER STROKES
• PEN EMPHASIS ACT OF INTERMITTENTLY
FORCING THE PEN AGAINST THE PAPER
SURFACE WITH INCREASE IN SPEED
• PEN PRESSURE AVERAGE OR USUAL
PRESSURE/FORCE APPLIED IN THE WRITING.
• HESITATION WIDENING OF THE INK STROKES
WHEN THE WRITERS SLOW DOWN OR STOP IN
CERTAIN POSITION.
• PEN LIFT INTERRUPTION OF STROKES BY
SUDDEN REMOVAL OF THE WRITING
INSTRUMENT FROM THE PAPER
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• IF PEN LIFT IS THE INTERRUPTION OF STROKES BY
SUDDEN REMOVAL OF THE WRITING INSTRUMENT
FROM THE PAPER, WHAT IS THE GAP BETWEEN
STROKES W/O LIFTING THE PEN?
a.TREMOR
b.TREMOR OF FRAUD
c.GENUINE TREMOR
d.HIATUS
• HIATUS GAP BETWEEN STROKES W/O LIFTING
THE PEN
• RETRACING STROKES WHICH GOES BACK
OVER ANOTHER WRITING STROKES.
• PATCHING/ RETOUCHING STROKES WHICH
GOES BACK OVER A DEFECTIVE PORTION OF
THE STROKES TO REPAIR AN ERROR
 • IDENTIFICATION OF FORGERY
• HESITATION AND PEN STOPS AT UNUSUAL PLACES
 ABRUPT CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF STROKES,
SHOWING UNCERTAINTY OF MOVEMENTS
 CONCEALED JOINING OR CAREFULLY MADE
 PATCHING OR RETOUCHING
 BLUNT INITIAL AND/OR TERMINAL STROKES
 LACK OF DIFFERENCE IN PRESSURE ON UP AND DOWN
STROKES
MISPLACED SHADING OR SHADING IN MORE
THAN ONE DIRECTION CAUSED BY A FALSE PART.
DEFECTIVE LINE QUALITY
SLOW, BROKEN, STROKES, OR WAVY LINES
(TREMORS)
UNNATURAL PEN LIFTING
PRESENCE OF CARBON, PENCIL OR INDENTED
OUTLINES ALONG THE STROKES
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT WRITING CHARACTERISTICS
• NATURAL VARIATIONS NORMAL DEVIATION FOUND IN A
REPEATED SPECIMEN OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S HANDWRITING OR
IN THE PRODUCT OF TYPEWRITER.
TRANSITORY CHANGE THOSE CHANGES THAT CONTINUE TO
EXIST WHILE THE BASIC COURSE OF DETERIORATION IS STILL
AFFECTING THE WRITER, ONCE SUCH CAUSE HAS BEEN
REMOVED FROM THE WRITER, THE WRITING WILL REVERTS IN
ITS NORMAL FORM.
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• THE FOLLOWING INDICATES GENUINENESS OF
HANDWRITING EXCEPT?
a. FLYING OR FLOURISHING STROKES
b. CONSISTENCY OF REFINED LINE QUALITY
c. TREMORS
d. CONTINUITY AND SMOOTHNESS
• TREMOR WEAKENING OF THE STROKE
CHARACTERIZED BY WAVERING OR SHAKY
STROKES. (TREMOR OF FRAUD AND GENUINE
TREMOR)
• WRITING CONDITION ALL FACTORS AFFECTING THE
OVER ALL QUALITY OF WRITING SUCH AS WRITER’S
CONDITION UNDER WHICH THE WRITERS WAS
PREPARED.
• WRITING INSTRUMENT BALL POINT PEN, FOUNTAIN
PEN, FIBER PEN ETC.
 • BOARD QUESTION
• HE PATENTED THE FIRST BALL POINT PEN
WRITING TOOL IN 1888.
a.LEWIS WATERMAN
b.JOHN LOUD
c.GEORGE LAZLO BIRO
d. YUKIO HORIE
•WHILE A STUDENT
IN PARIS, PETRACHE
POENARU INVENTED
THE WORLD'S FIRST 
FOUNTAIN PEN, AN
INVENTION FOR
WHICH THE FRENCH
 GOVERNMENT
ISSUED A PATENT ON
25 MAY 1827
• LEWIS WATERMAN (FOUNDER OF
WATERMAN PENS) IS COMMONLY AN
ANSWER TO WHO INVENTED THE
FOUNTAIN PEN, BUT HIS 1884 PATENT
WAS FOR AN IMPROVEMENT ON THE
EXISTING PEN; WATERMAN
PATENTED A DESIGN IN WHICH INK
WAS FED TO THE NIB BY GRAVITY
AND AIR BEING DRAWN INTO THE
RESERVOIR TO ALLOW A CONSTANT
FLOW OF INK WITHOUT FLOODING.
• FOUNTAIN PEN “LEWIS
WATERMAN”
 CONTAINS AN INTERNAL
RESERVOIR OF LIQUID INK.
 THE PEN DRAWS INK FROM
THE RESERVOIR THROUGH A
FEED TO THE NIB AND
DEPOSITS IT ON PAPER VIA A
COMBINATION OF GRAVITY
AND CAPILLARY ACTION. 
 • BALLPOINT “JOHN
LOUD”
 IT USUALLY LEAVES
ROUNDED LINE
SHOWING NO TIP
SEPARATION EVEN
WHEN PRESSED
HEAVILY.
• PENCIL - A WRITING
IMPLEMENT OR ART
MEDIUM CONSTRUCTED OF A
NARROW,
SOLID PIGMENT CORE INSIDE
A PROTECTIVE CASING
WHICH PREVENTS THE CORE
FROM BEING BROKEN OR
LEAVING MARKS ON THE
USER’S HAND DURING USE.
 “CONRAD GESSNER”
 • COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INKS
• INDIAN INKS - THE OLDEST FORM OF INDIAN INK CONSISTED
OF A SUSPENSION OF CARBON BLACK (SOOT OR LAMPBLACK)
IN WATER TO WHICH GLUE OR A VEGETABLE GUM WAS
ADDED.
• LOG WOOD INKS - THEY WERE MADE FROM AN AQUEOUS
EXTRACT OF LOGWOOD CHIPS AND POTASSIUM CHROMATE.
• IRON GALLOTANATE INKS - FORMERLY IT WAS MADE OF A
FERMENTED INFUSION OF GALL NUTS TO WHICH IRON SALTS
WERE ADDED.
• INK – A COLORED FLUID OR VISCOUS MARKING MATERIAL
USED FOR WRITING OR PRINTING
• SECRET INK – A MATERIAL USED FOR WRITING WHICH IS NOT
VISIBLE UNTIL TREATED BY SOME DEVELOPING PROCESS OR
SUBSTANCES AND ALSO CALLED SYMPATHETIC INK
• SYNTHETIC DYE INKS – ANY INK CONSISTING SIMPLY OF A DYE
DISSOLVED IN WATER TOGETHER WITH THE NECESSARY
PRESERVATIVES
• BLUE BLACK INK – THE CLASS FLUID THAT WRITES BLUE AND
DARKNESS WITH AGE TO A NEUTRAL GRAY OR BLACK
• NON AQUEOUS INK – INK IN WHICH THE PIGMENT OR
DYE IS CARRIED IN ANY VEHICLE OTHER THAN WATER
• PENCIL – A WRITING INSTRUMENT IN WHICH THE
MARKING PORTION CONSIST OF A COMPRESSED STICK
OF GRAPHITE OR COLORED MARKING SUBSTANCES
USUALLY MIXED WITH DYES AND WAXES
• PENCIL GRADE – A QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE
HARDNESS OR SOFTNESS OF A PENCIL, THAT IS HOW
DARK A STROKE IT IS CAPABLE OF MAKING
• COLORED PENCIL – A PENCIL WHOSE MARKING
PIGMENT IS NOT BLACK
• COPY PENCIL/INDENIBLE PENCIL – A PENCIL WHOSE
MARKING SUBSTANCES CONSIST OF A MIXTURE OF
GRAPHITE AND ANILINE DYE
• PEN – ANY WRITING INSTRUMENTS USED TO APPLY
INKS TO THE PAPER
• PEN NIB – ONE OF TWO DIVISIONS OR POINTS THAT
FORM THE WRITING PORTION OF A DIP PEN OR
FOUNTAIN PEN
• POROUS TIP PEN – A MODERN WRITING INSTRUMENT
IN WHICH THE MARKING ELEMENT OR POINT CONSIST
OF A POROUS MATERIAL THROUGH WHICH THE INK
CAN FLOW
• BALL POINT PEN – A WRITING INSTRUMENT
HAVING AS ITS MARKING TIP A SMALL, TRULY
ROTATING BALL BEARING THAT ROLLS THE INK
ONTO THE PAPER
• HARD POINT PEN – A MODERN WRITING
INSTRUMENT IN WHICH THE POINT IS A
PERFORATED PLASTIC UNIT
• FOUNTAIN PEN – A MODERN NIB PEN CONTAINING A
RESERVOIR OF INK IN A SPECIALLY DESIGNED
CHAMBER OR CARTRIDGE
• QUILL PEN – WRITING INSTRUMENT MADE FROM
THE WRITING FEATHERS OF THE GOOSE AND SWAN
• PAPER – A MATERIAL MANUFACTURED IN
THIN SHEETS FROM THE PULP OF WOOD OR
OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCE USED FOR
WRITING OR DRAWING
• PAPYRUS – A WRITING MATERIAL
PREPARED IN ANCIENT EGYPT FROM THE
PITHY STEMS OF PAPYRUS PLANT
• PARCHMENT – AN ANIMAL SKIN (GOAT OR
SHEEP) PREPARED AS A WRITING OR
PRINTING MATERIAL
• VELLUM – PARCHMENT MADE FROM
YOUNG CALVES AND KIDS
• WATERMARKS – TRANSLUCENT DESIGN
IMPRESSIVE IN CERTAIN PAPERS DURING THE
COURSE OF ITS MANUFACTURE
• PAPER ANALYSIS – THE APPLICATION OF
CHEMICALS ON THE PAPER TO DETERMINE ITS
COMPONENT WHETHER OR NOT IT CAME FROM
THE SAME SOURCE
• SAFETY PAPER – THE TERM IS APPLIED TO
PAPER WHICH HAS BEEN TREATED IN SUCH A
WAY TO MINIMIZE THE CHANCES OF
SUCCESSFUL FORGERY BY ERASURE WHETHER
MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL BEING CARRIED
OUT IN ANY DOCUMENT
 • MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENT PROBLEM
• ALTERED DOCUMENT - ANY FORM OF
CHANGES EITHER ADDITION OR DELETION
TO AN ORIGINAL CONTENT OF DOCUMENT
• DECIPHERMENT OF ERASED WRITING –
MECHANICAL/CHEMICAL ERASURES
 • DECIPHERMENT OF
OBLITERATED WRITING
 OBLITERATION IS THE
PROCESS OF SMEARING
OVER AN ORIGINAL WRITING
TO MAKE IT ILLEGIBLE.
 DONE WITH THE USE OF
SUPERIMPOSING INK.
 INFRARED LIGHT
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• WHAT TYPE OF EXAMINATION IS BEST USED IN
DEALING WITH CHARRED DOCUMENTS?
a. ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT
b. INFRARED LIGHT
c. TRANSMITTED LIGHT
d. X RAY EXAMINATION
 Charred Documents –
partly burned or brittle
document.
 • OTHER USE OF INFRARED LIGHT
1. SHOW GUNPOWDER STAINS
2. DECIPHERING ALTERED OR FADED WRITINGS DUE TO AGED
3. RESTORATION OF WRITING IN CHARRED DOCUMENTS
4. DECIPHERMENT OF OBLITERATED WRITING
5. DIFFERENTIATE PAINTS OR PIGMENT
6. RECORD SUBJECT IN TOTAL DARKNESS
7. ADDITION, INTERLINEATIONS OR INSERTION
• INVISIBLE WRITING –
WRITING THAT HAS NO
VISIBLE INK STROKES MADE
BY SYMPATHETIC INK SUCH
AS ACIDS, JUICE AND
OTHERS.
DETECTION CAN BE BY HEAT,
WATER CHEMICAL FUMING OR
BY ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT
PROCESS.
• DECIPHERMENT OF CONTACT
WRITING – PARTIALLY VISIBLE
INK STROKES CAUSE BY
SUDDEN CONTACT OF PAPER
WITH ANOTHER PAPER
CONTAINING FRESH INK.
 ENHANCE THROUGH FUMING
OR ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT
PROCESS.
• MICROSCOPIC
EXAMINATION - ANY
EXAMINATION OR
STUDY WHICH IS
MADE WITH THE
MICROSCOPE IN
ORDER TO
DISCOVER MINUTE
PHYSICAL DETAILS.
• OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION
- WITH THE ILLUMINATION SO
CONTROLLED THAT IT GRAZES
OR STRIKES THE SURFACE OF
THE DOCUMENT FROM ONE
SIDE AT A VERY LOW ANGLE.
DECIPHERMENT OF FADED
HANDWRITING,
DETERMINATION OF OUTLINES
IN TRACED FORGERY,
EMBOSSED IMPRESSIONS,
ETC. ARE SUBJECTED TO THIS
TYPE OF EXAMINATION.
• CARE, HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS
 KEEP DOCUMENTS UNFOLDED IN PROTECTIVE
ENVELOPE
 TAKE DISPUTED PAPERS TO THE DOCUMENT
EXAMINERS LABORATORY AT THE FIRST OPPORTUNITY.
 IF STORAGE IS NECESSARY, KEEP THE DOCUMENT IN A
DRY PLACE AWAY FROM EXCESSIVE HEAT AND STRONG
LIGHT.
• DON’T’S
• 1. DO NOT HANDLE DISPUTED PAPERS EXCESSIVELY OR
CARRY THEM IN A POCKET FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.
• 2. DO NOT MARK.
• 3. DO NOT MUTILATE OR DAMAGE BY REPEATED
FOLDING, CREASING, CUTTING, TEARING OR PUNCHING
OR FILING PURPOSES
• 4. DO NOT ALLOW ANYONE EXCEPT QUALIFIED
SPECIALIST.
TYPEWRITI
NG
EXAMINATI
 • TERMS TO REMEMBER
• TYPEFACE – THE PRINTING SURFACE OF THE TYPE BLOCK IN A
CONVENTIONAL TYPEWRITER.
• TYPEFACE DEFECT - ANY FORM OF PECULIARITY OF THE TYPE
PRINTING CAUSED BY ACTUAL DAMAGED TO THE TYPEFACE METAL OR
AN ABNORMALITY IN THE PRINTING CONDITION.
• CHARACTER - INCLUDE LETTER, SYMBOL, NUMERALS OR POINTS OF
PUNCTUATION.
• PICA TYPEFACE – TYPEFACE IMPRESSION ORDINARILY SPACED 10
CHARACTERS TO THE HORIZONTAL INCH
• ELITE TYPEFACE – TYPEFACE IMPRESSION ORDINARILY SPACED 12
CHARACTERS TO THE HORIZONTAL INCH.
•REMINGTON
MODEL
(ELIPHALET
REMINGTON) 1ST
COMMERCIAL
TYPEWRITER
• TRANSITORY DEFECT – TYPEWRITER CHARACTERISTIC
WHICH CAN BE ELIMINATED BY SIMPLY CLEANING THE
RIBBON.
• PERMANENT DEFECT – TYPEWRITING CHARACTERISTIC
WHICH CANNOT BE ELIMINATED OR CORRECTED BY
SIMPLE CLEANING THE RIBBON.
• ALIGNMENT DEFECT – DEFECT IN THE PRINTING
CONDITION OF THE TYPE CHARACTER IN WHICH THE
LETTERS ARE PRINTED EITHER AT THE TOP OR BOTTOM
LEFT OR RIGHT OF INCLINED FROM PROPER POSITION.
 •PRINCIPAL TECHNIQUE IN
TYPEWRITING EXAMINATIONS
MEASURE THE TYPEFACE PITCH
VERIFY THE TYPE SIZE AND DESIGN
LOOK FOR INDIVIDUAL TYPE FACE
DEFECT
• VERTICAL MAL ALIGNMENT CHARACTER PRINTING
ABOVE OR BELOW OF ITS PROPER POSITION.
• ACTUAL BREAKAGE ANY PECULIARITY OF
TYPEWRITING CAUSED BY ACTUAL DAMAGE TO THE
TYPE FACE METAL
• OFF-ITS-FEET CHARACTER OUTLINE IS NOT EQUALLY
PRINTED, THAT IS THE PRINTING IS HEAVIER IN ONE
SIDE THAN THE REMAINDER OF THE OUTLINE OF THE
CHARACTER
• REBOUND
• CHARACTER PRINTS A DOUBLE IMPRESSION WITH
THE LIGHTER ONE SLIGHTLY OFF SET TO RIGHT OR
LEFT.
• TWISTED LETTER
• A TYPEFACE DEFECT IN WHICH CHARACTERS ARE
DESIGNED TO BE PRINTED AT A CERTAIN ANGLE TO
THE BASELINE. ONCE LEANS TO THE LEFT, OR RIGHT
OF ITS PROPER POSITION
•CLOGGED TYPEFACE
•CHARACTERIZED BY
DIRTY PRINT DUE TO
CONSTANT USED
WITHOUT CLEANING OF
THE TYPE BAR OR DUE
TO USE OF NEW
CARBON.
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• IT HAS THE SOLE POWER AND AUTHORITY TO ISSUE
CURRENCY WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
EVERYDAY, THEY ISSUED CURRENCY NOTES AND COINS
CONTINUALLY CIRCULATE OR CHANGE HANDS AMONG THE
PUBLIC?
a. BSP
b. OFFICE OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE
c. GOCC
d. PAGCOR
• MAKING OF PAPER
MONEY
• ENGRAVING – IT IS
THE PROCESS BY
WHICH THE LINE TO
BE PRINTED ARE
CUT INTO PIECES
OF METAL BY HAND
OR WITH A
MACHINE.
• MAKING OF PAPER MONEY
• LETTERPRESS PRINTING –
LETTERS ARE MADE ON
RAISED PIECES OF METAL
WHICH COVERED WITH INK
AND THEN IMPRESSED UPON
THE PAPER IN THE SAME
FORM AS A RUBBER STAMP
OR CLICHÉ. THE SERIAL
NUMBERS OF A BANK NOTE
ARE USUALLY ADDED BY
THIS LETTERPRESS PROCESS.
• STEPS IN RECOGNIZING
GENUINE BSP NOTES
 FEEL THE PAPER
GENUINE NOTE IS
PRINTED ON A
SPECIAL KIND OF
PAPER WHICH IS
ROUGH WHEN YOUR
FINGERS THROUGH IT.
• LOOK FOR
WATERMARK IS
THE
SILHOUETTE OF
THE PORTRAIT
APPEARING ON
THE FACE OF
THE NOTE.
• SECURITY FIBERS
EMBEDDED RED
AND BLUE VISIBLE
FIBERS THAT ARE
SCATTERED AT
RANDOM ON BOTH
SURFACES OF A
GENUINE NOTE
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• A SPECIAL THREAD VERTICALLY IMPLANTED OFF
CENTER OF THE NOTE DURING PAPER
MANUFACTURE.
a. IRIDESCENT BAND
b. VIGNETTE
c. WINDOWED SECURITY THREAD
d. EMBEDDED SECURITY THREAD
 • WINDOWED SECURITY THREAD
• A NARROW SECURITY THREAD VERTICALLY
LOCATED LIKE “STITCHES” AT THE FACE OF THE
NOTE WITH CLEAR TEXT OF THE NUMERICAL
VALUE IN THE REPEATED SEQUENCE AND
CHANGES THE COLOR FROM MAGENTA TO
GREEN OR GREEN TO MAGENTA DEPENDING ON
THE ANGLE OF VIEW.
• IRIDESCENT BAND – A WIDE GLISTENING GOLD
VERTICAL STRIPS WITH THE NUMERICAL VALUE
PRINTED IN SERIES.
• SERIAL NUMBER
COMPOSED OF 1 OR 2
PREFIX LETTERED AND 6-7
DIGITS. THE LETTERS AND
NUMERALS ARE UNIFORM
IN SIZE AND THICKNESS,
EVENLY SPACED AND WELL
ALIGNED, AND GLOW
UNDER ULTRA-VIOLET
LIGHT.
• PORTRAIT APPEARS LIFE LIKE. THE EYES SPARKLE,
SHADINGS ARE FORMED BY THE FINE LINE THAT
GIVE THE PORTRAIT A CHARACTERISTIC FACIAL
EXPRESSION WHICH IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO
REPLICATE.
• VIGNETTE – THE LINES AND DASHES COMPOSING
THE VIGNETTE ARE FINE, DISTINCT AND SHARP, THE
VARYING COLOR TONE GIVES A VIVID LOOK TO THE
PICTURE THAT MAKE’S IT STANDOUT OF THE PAPER.
• FLOURESCENCE PRINTING FLUORESCENT PRINT THAT
ARE INVISIBLE NUMERICAL VALUE LOCATED OFF CENTER
OF THE FACE OF THE NOTE THAT GLOWS WHEN EXPOSED
TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.
• MICROPRINTING – MINUTE AND FINELY PRINTED WORDS “BANGKO SENTRAL
NG PILIPINAS” OR “CENTRAL BANK OF THEPHILIPPINES” LOCATED AT THE
FACE OF THE NOTE THAT ARE CLEARLY PRINTED AND READABLE.
DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE PASSER
DELAY THE PASSER BY SOME EXCUSE, IF POSSIBLE WITHOUT
RISKING HARM
OBSERVE AND RECORD THE PASSER’S APPEARANCE AND
THAT HIS/HER COMPANION
NOTE THE LICENSE PLATE NUMBER AND MODEL OF PASSER’S
CAR
PLACE THE NOTE IN PROTECTIVE CLOTTING
REPORT TO THE AUTHORITY
 • INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS USED IN QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXAMINATIONS
 MAGNIFYING LENS BANK PERSONNEL AND OTHER PEOPLE
INVOLVED IN CURRENCY EXAMINATIONS USUALLY USE AND
ORDINARY HAND-LENS.
 SHADOWGRAPH PICTORIAL IMAGE FORMED BY CASTING A SHADOW,
USUALLY OF THE HANDS, UPON A RIGHTFUL SURFACE OR SCREEN.
 STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE – A TRI-DIMENSIONAL (3D)
ENLARGEMENT IS POSSIBLE.
 MEASURES AND TEST PLATES (TRANSPARENT GLASS) – THOSE
USED FOR SIGNATURES AND TYPEWRITING.
• TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (GOOSE NECK LAMPS) USED
FOR CONTROLLED ILLUMINATION; NEEDED IN SIDELIGHT EXAMINATION
WHEREIN LIGHT IS PLACED AT A LOW-ANGLE IN A POSITION OBLIQUE TO
PLANE OR DOCUMENT.
• TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGET DEVICE WHERE LIGHT COMES FROM
BENEATH OR BEHIND GLASS ON DOCUMENT IS PLACED.
• ULTRA VIOLET LAMP USUALLY USED IN THE DETECTION OF
COUNTERFEITED BILLS BUT CAN ACTUALLY BE USED TO DETECT
SECURITY FEATURES OF QUALIFIED DOCUMENTS.
• INFRARED VIEWER PRIMARILY USED TO DECIPHER WRITINGS IN A
CHARRED DOCUMENT.
• COMPARISON MICROSCOPE SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE BULLET
COMPARISON MICROSCOPE.
LAWS ON FORGERY, COUNTERFEITING AND FALSIFICATION

•   COUNTERFEITING THE GREAT SEAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, FORGING THE SIGNATURE OR STAMP OF THE CHIEF
EXECUTIVE (ART. 161)
• WHAT ARE THE PUNISHABLE ACTS?
1. FORGING THE GREAT SEAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
2. FORGING THE SIGNATURE OF THE PRESIDENT
3. FORGING THE STAMP OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES
 • USING FORGED SIGNATURE OR COUNTERFEIT SEAL OR STAMP
(ART. 162)
• WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF THIS CRIME?
1. GREAT SEAL OF THE REPUBLIC WAS COUNTERFEITED OR THE
SIGNATURE OR STAMP OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE WAS
FORGED BY ANOTHER PERSON
2. OFFENDER KNEW OF THE COUNTERFEITING OR FORGERY
3. HE USED THE COUNTERFEIT SEAL OR FORGED SIGNATURE
OR STAMP
•   MAKING AND IMPORTING AND UTTERING
FALSE COINS (ART. 163)

• THERE BE FALSE OR
COUNTERFEITED COINS
• OFFENDER MADE, IMPORTED OR
UTTERED SUCH COINS
• IN CASE OF UTTERING SUCH FALSE
OR COUNTERFEITED COINS, HE
CONNIVED WITH THE
COUNTERFEITERS OR IMPORTERS   
• A PERSON GAVE A COPPER CENT THE APPEARANCE
OF A SILVER PIECE, IT BEING SILVER PLATED, AND
ATTEMPTED TO PAY WITH IT A PACKAGE OF
CIGARETTES WHICH HE BOUGHT AT A STORE. WHAT
CRIME, IF ANY, WAS COMMITTED?

• A: SUCH PERSON IS NOT LIABLE FOR COUNTERFEITING OF

COIN, BUT FOR ESTAFA UNDER ART. 318. (REYES, 2008)
• COUNTERFEITING MEANS TO IMITATE A
COIN THAT IS GENUINE. IT GIVES AN
APPEARANCE OF ONE OF LEGAL TENDER.
• COIN IS COUNTERFEIT EVEN IF IT HAS
MORE INTRINSIC VALUE THAN THE COIN
OF LEGAL TENDER.
• Q: WHAT IS THE CRITERION USED IN
DETERMINING WHETHER A COIN IS A
COUNTERFEIT OR NOT?
• A: THE CRITERION IS THAT THE IMITATION MUST
BE SUCH AS TO DECEIVE AN ORDINARY PERSON
IN BELIEVING IT TO BE GENUINE.
CONSEQUENTLY, IF THE IMITATION IS SO
IMPERFECT THAT NO ONE WAS DECEIVED, THE
FELONY CANNOT BE CONSUMMATED.  
• Q: CAN FORMER COINS WITHDRAWN FROM
CIRCULATION BE COUNTERFEITED UNDER ART.163?
• YES. ART. 163 MENTIONS “COIN” WITHOUT ANY
QUALIFYING WORDS SUCH AS “CURRENT.” NOTE: THE
REASON FOR PUNISHING THE FABRICATION OF COIN
WITHDRAWN FROM CIRCULATION IS THE POSSIBILITY
THAT THE COUNTERFEITER MAY LATER APPLY HIS
TRADE TO THE MAKING OF COINS IN ACTUAL
CIRCULATION. (REYES, 2008)
• Q: WHAT IS PUNISHED IN “IMPORTING” FALSE
COINS?
• A: THE MERE ACT OF IMPORTING THAT IS BEING
PUNISHED, EVEN IF THE COINS ARE NOT
PLACED IN CIRCULATION.
• Q: WHAT IS MEANT BY “UTTERING” OF COINS?
• A: UTTERING MEANS TO CIRCULATE, TO PASS
COUNTERFEIT COINS.
• MUTILATION OF COINS IMPORTATION AND
UTTERANCE OF MUTILATED COINS   (ART.
164)
• MUTILATING COINS OF LEGAL CURRENCY
WITH THE FURTHER REQUIREMENT THAT
THERE BE INTENT TO DAMAGE OR DEFRAUD
ANOTHER
• IMPORTING OR UTTERING SUCH MUTILATED
COINS, WITH THE FURTHER REQUIREMENT
THAT THERE MUST BE CONNIVANCE WITH THE
MUTILATOR OR IMPORTER IN CASE OF
UTTERING. MUTILATION MEANS DIMINISHING OR
TAKING OFF BY INGENUOUS MEANS PART OF THE METAL
IN THE COIN EITHER BY FILING OR SUBSTITUTING IT FOR
ANOTHER METAL OF INFERIOR QUALITY
• PROHIBITING AND
PENALIZING
DEFACEMENT,
MUTILATION,
TEARING, BURNING
OR DESTRUCTION OF
CENTRAL BANK
NOTES AND COINS.
(P.D. 247)
• 1. ANY PERSON WHO WILLFULLY DEFACE, MUTILATE, TEAR, BURN
OR DESTROY, IN ANY MANNER WHATSOEVER, CURRENCY NOTES
AND COINS ISSUED BY THE CENTRAL BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES;
AND
• 2. FINE OF NOT MORE THAN TWENTY THOUSAND PESOS AND/OR
BY IMPRISONMENT OF NOT MORE THAN FIVE YEARS.
 • SELLING OF FALSE OR MUTILATED COIN,
WITHOUT CONNIVANCE (ART. 165)
• POSSESSION OF COINS COUNTERFEITED OR
MUTILATED BY ANOTHER PERSON, WITH INTENT
TO UTTER THE SAME, KNOWING THAT IT IS FALSE
OR MUTILATED.
• ACTUALLY UTTERING SUCH FALSE OR MUTILATED
COIN, KNOWING THE SAME TO BE FALSE OR
MUTILATED.
 • Q: IN ART. 165, IS IT NECESSARY THAT THE
COUNTERFEITED COIN IS A LEGAL TENDER?
• A: NO. IF THE COIN IS A MUTILATED COIN, IT MUST BE
A LEGAL TENDER.
• LEGAL TENDER IS A MEDIUM OF PAYMENT RECOGNIZED BY
A LEGAL SYSTEM TO BE VALID FOR MEETING A FINANCIAL
OBLIGATION. (PAPER CURRENCY AND COINS ARE COMMON
FORMS OF LEGAL TENDER IN MANY COUNTRIES.)
 • SAMPLE QUESTION
• AN ACT PROHIBITING AND PUNISHING THE POSSESSION
AND EXPORTATION OF SILVER AND/OR NICKEL COINS
UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES AND PROVIDING THE
PROCEDURE FOR PROSECUTION THEREOF?
a. RA 427
b. RA 10911
c. RA 10906
d. RA 10910
• FORGING TREASURY OR BANK NOTES OR OTHER DOCUMENTS
PAYABLE  TO BEARER; IMPORTING, AND UTTERING SUCH FALSE OR
FORGED NOTES AND DOCUMENTS; IMPORTING, AND UTTERING SUCH
FALSE OR FORGED NOTES AND DOCUMENTS (ART. 166)  
• FORGING OR FALSIFICATION OF TREASURY OR BANK NOTES OR
OTHER DOCUMENTS PAYABLE TO BEARER.
• IMPORTATION OF SUCH FALSE OR FORGED OBLIGATIONS OR
NOTES.
• NOTE: IT MEANS TO BRING THEM INTO THE PHILIPPINES,
WHICH PRESUPPOSES THAT THE OBLIGATIONS OR NOTES
ARE FORGED OR FALSIFIED IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY.
• UTTERING OBLIGATIONS OR NOTE KNOWING
THEM TO BE FALSE OR FORGED, WHETHER
SUCH OFFER IS ACCEPTED OR NOT, WITH A
REPRESENTATION.
• NOTE: IT MEANS OFFERING OBLIGATIONS OR
NOTES KNOWING THEM TO BE FALSE OR
FORGED, WHETHER SUCH OFFER IS ACCEPTED
OR NOT, WITH A REPRESENTATION.
 • WHAT ARE THE NOTES AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS
AND SECURITIES THAT MAY BE FORGED OR
FALSIFIED UNDER ART. 166?
• TREASURY OR BANK NOTES
• CERTIFICATES
• OTHER OBLIGATIONS AND SECURITIES PAYABLE TO
BEARER
• NOTE: FALSIFICATION OF PNB CHECKS IS NOT FORGERY UNDER ART.
166 OF RPC BUT FALSIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS UNDER
ART. 172 IN CONNECTION WITH ART. 171 OF THE RPC.
 •   COUNTERFEITING, IMPORTING AND UTTERING
INSTRUMENTS NOT PAYABLE TO BEARER   (ART. 167)
• THERE BE AN INSTRUMENT PAYABLE TO ORDER OR
OTHER DOCUMENT OF CREDIT NOT PAYABLE TO
BEARER
• OFFENDER FORGED, IMPORTED OR UTTERED SUCH
INSTRUMENT
• IN CASE OF UTTERING, HE CONNIVED WITH THE
FORGER OR IMPORTER
• WHAT ARE THE ACTS OF FORGERY PUNISHED UNDER ART.
167?
• FORGING INSTRUMENTS PAYABLE TO ORDER OR DOCUMENTS OF
CREDIT NOT PAYABLE TO BEARER
• IMPORTING SUCH FALSE INSTRUMENTS
• UTTERING SUCH FALSE INSTRUMENTS IN CONNIVANCE WITH THE
FORGER OR THE IMPORTER
CONNIVANCE IS NOT REQUIRED IN UTTERING IF THE UTTERER IS
THE FORGER.
COUNTERFEITING UNDER THIS ARTICLE MUST INVOLVE AN
INSTRUMENT PAYABLE TO ORDER OR OTHER DOCUMENT OF CREDIT
NOT PAYABLE TO BEARER.
• ILLEGAL POSSESSION AND USE OF FALSE TREASURY OR BANK NOTES
AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS (ART. 168) 
• ANY TREASURY OR BANK NOTES OR CERTIFICATE OR OTHER
OBLIGATION AND SECURITY PAYABLE TO BEARER, OR ANY INSTRUMENT
PAYABLE TO ORDER OR OTHER DOCUMENT OF CREDIT NOT PAYABLE TO
BEARER IS FORGED OR FALSIFIED BY ANOTHER PERSON
• OFFENDER KNOWS THAT ANY OF THOSE INSTRUMENTS IS FORGED OR
FALSIFIED
• HE PERFORMS ANY OF THESE ACTS:
USING ANY OF SUCH FORGED OR FALSIFIED INSTRUMENT
POSSESSING WITH INTENT TO USE ANY OF SUCH FORGED OR FALSIFIED
INSTRUMENTS
• Q: IS POSSESSION OF FALSE TREASURY OR
BANK NOTES ALONE WITHOUT INTENT TO USE
A CRIMINAL OFFENSE ENOUGH TO
CONSUMMATE THE CRIME?
• A: NO. BUT MERE POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO
UTTER CONSUMMATES THE CRIME OF ILLEGAL
POSSESSION OF FALSE NOTES.
 • FORGERY (ART. 169)
• BY GIVING TO A TREASURY OR BANK NOTE OR ANY
INSTRUMENT PAYABLE TO BEARER OR TO ORDER
MENTIONED THEREIN, THE APPEARANCE OF A
TRUE AND GENUINE DOCUMENT
• BY ERASING, SUBSTITUTING, COUNTERFEITING, OR
ALTERING BY ANY MEANS THE FIGURES, LETTERS,
WORDS, OR SIGNS CONTAINED THEREIN.
• Q: WHEN IS COUNTERFEITING NOT FORGERY?
• A: THE SUBJECT OF FORGERY SHOULD BE
TREASURY OR BANK NOTES. IF THE SUBJECT
OF FORGERY WERE A DOCUMENT OTHER
THAN THESE, THE CRIME WOULD BE
FALSIFICATION. (BOADO, 2008)
 • Q: WHAT IS THE ESSENCE OF FORGERY?
• A: THE ESSENCE OF FORGERY IS GIVING A DOCUMENT THE
APPEARANCE OF A TRUE AND GENUINE DOCUMENT.
• IN A CASE WHERE THE ACCUSED, INSTEAD OF CARRYING
OUT HIS INTENTION, THREW AWAY THE FORGED NOTE, CAN
HE BE MADE LIABLE?
• A: NO, FOR THE LAW WILL NOT CLOSE THE DOOR OF
REPENTANCE ON HIM, WHO HAVING SET FOOT ON THE PATH
OF CRIME, RETRACES HIS STEPS BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE
(PEOPLE V. PADILLA, 36 O. G. 2404)
 • WHAT ARE THE FIVE CLASSES OF FALSIFICATION?
• FALSIFICATION OF LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENTS
• FALSIFICATION OF A DOCUMENT BY A PUBLIC OFFICER,
EMPLOYEE OR NOTARY PUBLIC
• FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC OR OFFICIAL, OR COMMERCIAL
DOCUMENTS BY A PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL
• FALSIFICATION OF PRIVATE DOCUMENT BY ANY PERSON
• FALSIFICATION OF WIRELESS, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE
MESSAGES
 • HOW IS A DOCUMENT FALSIFIED?
a. COUNTERFEITING OR IMITATING ANY HANDWRITING, SIGNATURE
b. CAUSING IT TO APPEAR THAT PERSONS HAVE PARTICIPATED IN ANY
ACT OR PROCEEDING WHEN THEY DID NOT IN FACT SO PARTICIPATE
c. ATTRIBUTING TO PERSONS WHO HAVE PARTICIPATED IN AN ACT OR
PROCEEDING STATEMENT OTHER THAN THOSE IN FACT MADE BY
THEM
d. MAKING UNTRUTHFUL STATEMENTS IN A NARRATION OF FACTS
• NOTE: THIS KIND OF FALSIFICATION MAY BE COMMITTED BY OMISSION
• ALTERING TRUE DATES
• MAKING ANY ALTERATION OR INTERCALATION
IN A GENUINE DOCUMENT WHICH CHANGES ITS
MEANING.
• (THE ALTERATION WHICH MAKES A DOCUMENT
SPEAK THE TRUTH DOES NOT CONSTITUTE
FALSIFICATION)
“YOU MAY NOT BE THE
BRIGHTEST, BUT YOU CAN
BE THE ONE WHO STRIVES
THE HARDEST.”
- MTS