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Binary and Gates

The document discusses how computers use binary representation internally to store information, whereas humans use decimal, letters, etc. externally. It explains that binary is a base-2 system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, known as bits. The value of each bit depends on its position in the binary number, with the rightmost being the ones place, then twos, fours, eights, etc. Examples are given of how binary numbers are evaluated based on their place values. The document concludes by noting that computers represent binary digits using two voltage levels: 0 volts for 0 and +45 volts for 1.

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26 views

Binary and Gates

The document discusses how computers use binary representation internally to store information, whereas humans use decimal, letters, etc. externally. It explains that binary is a base-2 system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, known as bits. The value of each bit depends on its position in the binary number, with the rightmost being the ones place, then twos, fours, eights, etc. Examples are given of how binary numbers are evaluated based on their place values. The document concludes by noting that computers represent binary digits using two voltage levels: 0 volts for 0 and +45 volts for 1.

Uploaded by

A:Haq Tumrani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Invitation to Computer Science

8th Edition

Chapter 4
The Building Blocks:
Binary Numbers, Boolean Logic and Gates
Binary Representation of Numeric and
Textual Information
People generally represent numeric and textual information (language
differences aside) by using the following notational conventions:

a. The 10 decimal digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 for numeric values such


as 459

b. Sign/magnitude notation for signed numbers—that is, a 1 or 2 sign placed


immediately to the left of the digits; 131 and 2789 are examples

c. Decimal notation for real numbers, with a decimal point separating the
whole number part from the fractional part; an example is 12.34

 d. The 26 letters A, B, C, ... , Z for textual information (as well as lowercase


letters and a few special symbols for punctuation)

3
Binary Representation of Numeric and
Textual Information
There are two types of information representation:
The external representation of information is the way information
is represented by humans and the way it is entered at a keyboard
or virtual keypad or displayed on a printer or screen.
The internal representation of information is the way it is stored
in the memory of a computer.
This difference is diagrammed in Figure 4.1. Externally, computers
do use decimal digits, sign/magnitude notation, and the 26-
character alphabet.
However, virtually every computer ever built stores data—
numbers, letters, graphics, images, sound—internally using the
binary numbering system.

4
Binary Representation of Numeric and
Textual Information
There are two types of information representation:
The external representation of information is the way information
is represented by humans and the way it is entered at a keyboard
or virtual keypad or displayed on a printer or screen.
The internal representation of information is the way it is stored
in the memory of a computer.
This difference is diagrammed in Figure 4.1. Externally, computers
do use decimal digits, sign/magnitude notation, and the 26-
character alphabet.
However, virtually every computer ever built stores data—
numbers, letters, graphics, images, sound—internally using the
binary numbering system.

8
Binary Number System
Binary is a base-2 positional numbering system not unlike the
more familiar decimal, or base-10, system used in everyday life.
In these systems, the value or “worth” of a digit depends not
only on its absolute value but also on its specific position within
a number.
In the decimal system, there are 10 unique digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, and 9), and the value of the positions in a decimal
number is based on powers of 10.
Moving from right to left in a number, the positions represent
ones (100 ), tens (101 ), hundreds (102 ), thousands (103 ), and
so on.
Therefore, the decimal number 2,359 is evaluated as follows:
Binary Number System

• The same concepts apply to binary numbers except that there are
only two digits, 0 and 1, and the value of the positions in a binary
number is based on powers of 2.
• Moving from right to left, the positions represent ones (20 ), twos
(21 ), fours (22 ), eights (23 ), sixteens (24 ), and so on.
• The two digits, 0 and 1, are frequently referred to as bits, a
contraction of the two words binary digits.
• For example, the six-digit binary number 111001 is evaluated as
follows:
Binary Number System

• The five-digit binary quantity 10111 is evaluated in the following


manner:
The Reliability of Binary Representation

0 volts = 0 (full off)

+45 volts = 1 (full on)

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