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7.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The document discusses the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It provides examples of using the Fundamental Theorem to evaluate definite integrals. Specifically, it evaluates definite integrals by taking the antiderivative of the integrand, evaluating it at the bounds of integration, and subtracting. It also discusses techniques for substitution and changing the bounds of integration when evaluating definite integrals. Finally, it discusses representing definite integrals graphically as the area between a function graph and the x-axis over a certain interval.

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Philani Kheswa
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68 views

7.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The document discusses the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It provides examples of using the Fundamental Theorem to evaluate definite integrals. Specifically, it evaluates definite integrals by taking the antiderivative of the integrand, evaluating it at the bounds of integration, and subtracting. It also discusses techniques for substitution and changing the bounds of integration when evaluating definite integrals. Finally, it discusses representing definite integrals graphically as the area between a function graph and the x-axis over a certain interval.

Uploaded by

Philani Kheswa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 7.

4
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Ex: Find
Solution: By the power rule given earlier, the indefinite integral is

By the Fundamental Theorem, the value of the definite integral is found by evaluating as follows
with no constant C required.

Note:
 First substitute the value of the upper limit then subtract it from the value of the lower limit
An indefinite integral is a family of functions (Constant C must be added after integration)
A definite integral is a real number (No Constant C required)
5
Ex: Find 
3
(2 x 3  3 x  4) dx.

Solution: Use the Fundamental Theorem. [ Power Rule: ( ]

5 5 5 5
 (2 x  3 x  4)dx  2  x dx  3 xdx  4 dx
3 3
3 3 3 3
4 5 2 5 5
x x x
2 3 4
4 3
2 3
13

1 4 4 3 2 2
 (5  3 )  (5  3 )  4(5  3)
2 2

1 3
 (625  81)  (25  9)  4(5  3)
2 2
 256
More Examples (First simplify then integrate)

Ex 2: Evaluate the definite integral


[ Power Rule: ( ]
Soln:
Substitution technique for Definite Integral

Ex: Evaluate
Method 1: (Use the method of substitution to evaluate the corresponding indefinite
integral, express it in terms of the original variable, . Then evaluate the definite integral by
using the original limits of integration).
Evaluate the indefinite integral :
i) Let

ii) Use this result to evaluate the definite integral


Method 2: (Change the limit of integration)

(After the substitution find the corresponding limits for and evaluate the integral with
respect to )
As before Let
New limits of integration:
When (lower limit)
When (upper limit)

 
Ex: Evaluate
Soln: (Method 2: Change the limit of integration)
Let
When (upper limit)
When (lower limit)

Note: Use this technique of changing limits of integration if possible. It is sufficient


to learn one of the two methods.
Method 1: Consider the indefinite integral

Let
More examples
Ex: Evaluate
Soln:
When , u and When , u

Ex: Evaluate
Soln: Let
When , u and When , u
= ==
Graphical representation of the definite integral

The value of the integral of the function f(x), on the interval [a, b] is the
area between the graph of the function and the horizontal axis, i.e.
x-axis. The area can be positive or negative depending on the sign of y
= f(x).
Ex: Find the area of on [0, 2]

Soln ==-(0-0)= -
The area can’t be negative. The negative value is because on [0, 2]. So if , the area could be written
as =
Ex: Find the area of the region between the -axis and the graph of from =1 to =3
Since the region lies below -axis , the area is given by
==-
So the required area is = sq units
Ex: Find the area between the -axis and the graph of from =0 to =4

The figure shows that part of the region is below the -axis and part above the -axis . So we find the
point where the graph crosses the -axis . This is done by solving
this gives = -2 or = 2
The only solution on the interval [0,4] is = 2
The total area is + = +
= + -
Summary:
Further Applications:

Ex: Spread of an oil leak: An oil tanker leaking oil at the rate given (in barrels per hour) by

where t is the time (in hours) after the tank hits a hidden rock ( when )
(a) Find the total number of barrels that the ship will leak on the first day.
(b) Write an integral which gives the total number of barrels that the ship will leak on the 2nd day.
Soln: (a) Total number of barrels that the ship will leak on the first day is given by

Use Substitution Technique: Let then


When , and When ,
Hence we get
(b) Total number of barrels that the ship will leak on the 2nd day is given by

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