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Precalculus: Unit 1 Analytic Geometry

Analytic geometry is the study of geometric figures using algebraic equations. Rene Descartes created analytic geometry by analyzing curves and systems using algebraic manipulations. Conic sections are curves defined by quadratic equations that are formed by the intersection of a plane and a double-napped cone. There are degenerate conics that result when the plane passes through the vertex, like a point or line, and non-degenerate conics like parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas. Non-degenerate conics have a constant ratio between the distance from a point on the curve to a focus and its distance to a directrix.

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34 views

Precalculus: Unit 1 Analytic Geometry

Analytic geometry is the study of geometric figures using algebraic equations. Rene Descartes created analytic geometry by analyzing curves and systems using algebraic manipulations. Conic sections are curves defined by quadratic equations that are formed by the intersection of a plane and a double-napped cone. There are degenerate conics that result when the plane passes through the vertex, like a point or line, and non-degenerate conics like parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas. Non-degenerate conics have a constant ratio between the distance from a point on the curve to a focus and its distance to a directrix.

Uploaded by

Jamella P. Mago
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRECALCULUS Unit 1

Analytic Geometry
PRECALCULUS
Unit 1
Analytic Geometry
Geometry is derived from the Greek words geo which means
“earth” and metron which means “measurement”. Hence. Geometry
means earth measurement , Its primary use is to measure the length,
area, volume or dimension of planes and solid figures. Rene Descartes
created the concept of analytical geometry through conic sections.
Analyzing curves and systems of geometric figures , as well as
studying and locating geometric points using algebraic manipulations
is all part of what we call analytic geometry. Today, the applications of
the se concepts are vital in a wide variety of disciplines.
1.1 Conic Sections
Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this section, you
should be able to:

 determine different types of conic sections;

 determine different kinds of non-degenerate conics;

 determine different parts of non-degenerate conics.


PRECALCULUS
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
1.1 Conic Sections
1.1 Conic Sections
Conic sections are curves in the Cartesian plane
defined by quadratic equations in x and y. Conic
sections such as the circle, ellipse, parabola, and
hyperbola have many useful applications such as
architectural designs, in engineering projects, in
describing motions in the solar system , in computer
imaging and creating animations, in mapping, in
surveying ang navigation, in astronomy, and even in
sports. Their uses improve the quality of life.
Right Circular Cone(double-napped cone)
Right Circular Cone(double-napped cone)
A double-napped cone
is a pair congruent , opposite
cones connected by a common
vertex. It is formed when a line
called the generator rotates
about another line called the
axis through their intersection
point. The point of intersection
becomes the common vertex
of the opposite cones.
Conic Sections (or conics)

A conic section is the


intersection of a plane and
a right circular cone with
two nappes.
Types of Conic Sections

Degenerate conics are conic sections that result when the


plane that cuts the double-napped cone passes through the
vertex. Figures such as a point, a circle, a line or two
intersecting lines are some of the degenerate conics.
Types of Conic Sections
Point

the cutting plane of a


circle or ellipse passes
through the vertex
Types of Conic Sections
Line

the cutting plane of a


parabola passes through
the vertex
Types of Conic Sections
Two intersecting lines

the cutting plane of a


hyperbola passes through
the vertex
Types of Conic Sections
A non-degenerate conic is either a
parabola, an ellipse or a hyperbola
Non-degenerate Conics
If the cutting
plane is parallel
to one and only
one generator,
the curve of
intersection is
called a
parabola.
Non-degenerate Conics
If the cutting plane
is not parallel to any
generator; that is, it
cuts all generators,
the curve of
intersection is called
an ellipse.
Non-degenerate Conics
If the cutting
plane is parallel
to two
generators, the
curve of
intersection is a
hyperbola.
Non-degenerate Conic
A non-degenerate conic is a
set of points P on the plane
such that the ratio of the
Q2 P2 undirected distance of P from
a fixed point (called focus) to
Q1 P1 the undirected distance of P
from a fixed line not through
the fixed point (called the
focus
directrix) is a constant.
F
directrix
Non-degenerate Conic

Q2 P2 The constant ratio is


called the eccentricity of
Q1 P1 the conic, which we will
denote by e.
focus
F
directrix
Non-degenerate Conic
Q Let P be a point on a conic
P with focus at F and let Q
Q2 P2 be the projection of P on
the directrix. Then,
Q1 P1
FP  e QP
focus ȁ𝑭𝑷ȁ
𝒆=
F ȁ𝑸𝑷ȁ
directrix
Non-degenerate Conic
Q The line through a focus
P and perpendicular to a
directrix of a conic is called
Q2 P2 the principal axis of the
conic.
Q1 P1
A point of intersection of
focus the conic and its principal
axis is called a vertex of the
vertex F conic.
directrix principal axis
Non-degenerate Conic
Given the eccentricity e
Q of a conic section, the
P
conic is
Q2 P2
parabola if e = 1;
Q1 P1
ellipse if 0 < e < 1;
focus
vertex hyperbola if e > 1.
F
directrix principal axis
DO NOT FORGET TO…

read about circle, parabola,


ellipse and hyperbola.
End of 1.1

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