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Introduction BCHN 222 2022

The document discusses several key concepts in metabolism: 1) Catabolism involves the breakdown of biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to generate energy in the form of ATP. Anabolism involves using ATP to build up these same biomolecules. 2) Glycolysis is the first step in carbohydrate catabolism that breaks down glucose to pyruvate while generating a small amount of ATP. The citric acid or Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and other fuel molecules to generate more ATP. 3) The electron transport chain uses the redox energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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98 views

Introduction BCHN 222 2022

The document discusses several key concepts in metabolism: 1) Catabolism involves the breakdown of biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to generate energy in the form of ATP. Anabolism involves using ATP to build up these same biomolecules. 2) Glycolysis is the first step in carbohydrate catabolism that breaks down glucose to pyruvate while generating a small amount of ATP. The citric acid or Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and other fuel molecules to generate more ATP. 3) The electron transport chain uses the redox energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Uploaded by

Francisca Manyisa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METABOLISM

CATABOLISM
ANABOLISM
Breakdown/ Catalysis Forming/Buildup

ATP ATP Used


Produced/Formed up/Consumed
BIOMOLECULES

Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
(DNA/RNA)

s
Enzyme
Lipids PROTEINS
(Amino
acids)
CATABOLIC PATHWAYS---Break Downs

Carbohydrates
Lipids/ FFAs Amino Acids Nucleotides
Types of Food

VIT C

CARBOHYDRATES

FIBER
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glucose

PFK ETC
NADH/FADH2 HHHHHH
Anaerobic Respiration

PDH
2 Acetyl TCA
Pyruvate CoA CYCLE

LDH
NADH
Lactate
FADH 2

ATP

FFA
Overview of Catabolism
Glycolysis

• Glycolysis (Greek: glykus-sweet, lysis-loosening)


• Glycolysis also referred to as: Embden-
Meyerhof-parnas pathway.
• Consist of 10 enzymatic reactions
• One glucose (6-C) converted to 2 pyruvate (3-C).
• Two ATP are generated
• Glycolytic enzymes reside in the cytosol
Glycolysis

• It can be divided into 2 stages:


Stage 1: Energy investment (Reactions 1-5)
: Glucose is phosphorylated & cleaved
: Yield 2 triose Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
: 2 ATP are consumed
Stage 2: Energy recovery (Reaction 6-10)
: 4 ATP are generated
GLYCOLYSIS OVERVIEW

Figure 15-1
G-6-P crossroad of carbohydrate metabolism

Figure 22-5
Relationship btwn Glycolysis& PPP
Entry of Hexoses into Glycolysis
Overview of the 1st Stage of Glycolysis

Figure 15-7
Summary of 2nd stage of Glycolysis

Figure 15-15
Relationship btwn Glycolysis& PPP
Entry of Hexoses into Glycolysis
The TCA cycle

Generation of electron Carriers


FAD & NADH

Why?
To be used in Electron Transport Chain
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Thermodynamics of Krebs:

• Impact of Krebs on ATP production:

1. 1 acetyl group  2 CO2 = 4 electron pair process


2 3 NAD+ reduced.  NADH = 3 electron pair process
3. 1 FAD reduced  FADH2 = 1 electron pair process
4. GTP (high-ε P-group) 1 ATP*

Thus: 8 electron pair process  electron transfer system:


reduces 2 molecules of O2 to H2O

Thus: Energy of E.T. is conserved in the synthesis of ATP


by oxidative phoshorylation
Products of the Citric acid cycle
Overview of the TCA CYCLE

Also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle


(tricarboxylic acid).
It is a catalytic process
Krebs= oxidative breakdown/catalysis in
eukaryotes and prokaryotes
 = amphibolic cycle: catabolic &
anabolic involvement
Catabolic  oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty
acids & amino acids
Anabolic  biosynthesis of precursors.
TCA an AMPHIBOLIC pathway

ANABOLIC CATALYTIC
5. A: Other pathways use citric acid cycle intermediates

Catapletoric
(Anabolic)

Anapletoric
(Replenishing)

For Aas, Transamination


& Deamination occurs
ETC …….
Electron Transport Chain

PURPOSE:
TO CREATE A PROTON
GRADIENT
The Proton Gradient
• Creates a motive force, that Generate ATP
• When protons are pumped Back
Overview Aerobic Respiration
Proton Gradient

Intermembrane space

ATP Inner
I II III IV Membr
synthase

Matrix
Electron Transport Complexes

I II III IV

NADH Succinate Cytochrome Cytochrome


Dehydroge Dehydrogenase bc1 c
nase oxidase

NADH FADH2
Oxidative Phosphorylation complex

ATP
synthase
Electron transport

TCA
Cycle

NADH I Q III Cytochrome c IV

II H2O
Electron Transport Chain

Figure 18-8
2 functional groups of ATP synthase

catalyse the formation


of the
phosphoanhydride
bond of ATP

Tranlocate protons

Figure 18-21b
ATP synthase is driven by the flow of protons

• ATP synthase also known as the proton pumping ATP


synthase.
• 450 kDa
• Composed of two functional units (peripheral membrane
protein)
1. FO - water insoluble
2. F1 - water soluble
ATP a rotatory machine

Figure 18-25

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