IoT Ecosystem Using Wireless

Technologies

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 Architecture for IoT using Mobile
devices
Transport
Mobile data

Order mgt Price mgt

Service delivery Applications
websites Smart energy Customer
Data management interface

M2M data Connectivity

and analytics platform
Portals mHealth
Financial mgt messaging
C  
ustomer mgt
Infrastructure embedded Smart buildings
data

Access

Enabling services

Full service delivery

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 Latency and bandwidth requirements of various types of IoT
services
Medium-high latency
Low latency

Home automation gateways

Surveillance Home education Mobile robots

Remote health monitoring

Smart grid eCall
Assisted living wristband
   
Street lamps In-car monitoring

Smart meter Pharma sensors Logistics

Fixed Limited Mobility Fully mobile

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Mobile Technologies for supporting IoT ECHO
system

4 VCE 3CSE 2018

 1. 5G Technology
ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE NETWORS in IoT devices are:

Support for massive number of devices (10–100 times

more than existing networks)

Support for high data rate (increase the existing data rate
10–100 times)

Reduce the latency between end-to-end devices;

(ideally, the latency< 5 ms)

Provide consistent quality of experience (QoE)

Reduce capital and operations cost
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 The key features that are used in 5G networks
Software-defined networking (SDN)
 Centralized control of multivendor network equipment
 Reduced complexity through automation-Dynamic path
 Improved network reliability and security
 Better user experience
 Easily Programmable

Network functions virtualization (NFV)

NFV uses virtualization technologies to
provide specific network related services without the
necessity to have custom hardware appliances for each
network function
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 2. Ultra Wide Band Technology - UWB

is a radio technology

  

 use a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth

communications over a large portion of the radio spectrum
 used for communication among low-range and low-power
sensors
 mobile devices that require very low power and high
bandwidth.
 UWB features makes IoT communication effective:
Resistance to multipath fading
Possibility of high accuracy transmission even indoors
Good scalability in dense deployment
Low-power consumption
9 High bandwidth transmission Range: 10 meters to 30 feet 
3. Near Field Communication Technology
(NFC)
NFC = RFID (radio frequency identification) + networking
technologies (e.g. LAN,WAN,MAN,CAN,WLAN, SAN)
NFC enabled consumer devices can be used to store and
exchange any types of personal data like messages,
photographs, MP3 files, and so on.
The features of NFC make it very suitable for IoT
communication:
 Ease of use
Instant natural connectivity
Zero configuration
Smart key access
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 Applications of NFC

MOBILE E-TICKETING — A REAL LIFE CASE

 
MOBILE PAYMENT AND E-TICKETING

METRO TRAIN TICKETS

BILL GENERATION IN SHOPPING MALLS

UPI PAYMENTS

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 Any Doubts

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 4. Low Power Wide Area Networking Technologies
(LPWAN)
Used for:
Interconnection of devices and applications

 are used extensively for communication in the IoT ecosystem.

 LPWAN technologies are superior to Bluetooth for M2M communication
because of their cost effectiveness and low-power consumption.
 LPWAN technology is ideal for connecting devices that send small
amounts of data over a long range with battery efficiency.
 Eg: sensors, which are used for transmitting data within smart homes,
buildings, parking systems, and so on.

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 LPWAN (Conti…)

Protocols/topologies:
 Sigfox

 Weightless

 LoRa

Nwave

Ingenu

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 LPWAN(Conti…)
The key features of LPWAN that make it suitable for IoT
ecosystem are the following:

  Long-range communication:
 It Supports greater than or equal to 10 km distance from the
gateway.

◾Low transmission data rate:

 Less than 5000 bits of data are sent per second.
 Often only 20–256 bytes per message sent several times a day.

◾Low-power consumption:
 It provides very long battery life for the devices.
 The battery life may last up to 10 years.
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 
 LPWAN(Conti…)
LPWAN technology is ideally suited for the following two
types of applications:
1. Fixed, medium-to-high density connections:
It is used in cities and for buildings as an alternative option for
cellular communications.
Eg: Smart grids, GPS-based asset tracking systems, and smart
lighting systems.

2. Long life, battery powered applications:

For applications that need a long range.
Eg: Water meters, gas detectors, smart agriculture systems
etc.
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 Bandwidth Requirement of LPWAN

B
A
N
D 5G
W 802.11ac
I 802.11ad 4G
802.11n
D 3G
T 802.11a
802.11b 2G
H
802.11g
Re
qui
re ZigBee
Bluetooth-BLE 802.15.4
m
(Low Energy) WBAN  
en WPAN
t 802.15.6 802.15.4
RFID/NFC
LPWAN

Range Capacity 
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 (LPWAN Conti…)

The most common important parameters to choose a LPWAN

technology:

◾Capacity
◾Quality of service
◾Range
◾Reliability
◾Battery life
◾Security
◾Cost
◾Proprietary versus standard

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 (LPWAN Conti…)
LPWAN Network Topologies

LPWAN has two network topologies:

1. Direct device connectivity (base station)

2. Indirect device connectivity through an LPWAN

gateway

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1. Direct Device Connectivity Topology of LPWAN

 The base station that is present in the network provides connectivity to many
devices.
 The traffic is sent to servers (cloud) through TCP or IP-based networks
(Internet).
 The base station is responsible for translation of protocol from IoT protocols
such as MQTT or CoAP to specific device application protocols.

LPWAN Access n/w Cloud and Applications

servers

Wired backhaul, TCP/IP-based (e.g., MQTT)

Star topology for long-
 2. Indirect Device Connectivity through an LPWAN Gateway

 
where it is not possible to connect devices directly to LPWAN, a
local gateway is used for short range radio like ZigBee or BLE.

The gateway runs on mains power as it has to support a large

number of devices.

The gateway has a capability to perform protocol conversion from

SRD (software defined) radio technologies to LPWAN
technology.

Gateways provide more security to IoT ecosystem using powerful

security algorithms.
E.g. Sigfox
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 LPWAN (Conti…)

Protocols/topologies:
 Sigfox

 Weightless (types N,P,W)

 LoRa

Nwave

Ingenu

- Next Sesson

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 1. Sigfox

Short range
Comm LPWAN Access n/w Cloud and Applications
servers

Short range Star topology for Wired backhaul,

local long range radio TCP/IP
connectivity connectivity
(e.g., MQTT)

23 VCE 3CSE 2018

 Sigfox -- BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Modulation:
Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding
information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. A carrier signal is one with a
steady waveform(Sin, Cos) -- constant height, or amplitude, and frequency.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a modulation technique that transmits data by
changing the phase of the reference signal, which is called carrier wave. This
technique is widely used for data transmission RFIDs, wireless LANs, and
Bluetooth.
Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is the simplest form of PSK. It uses two
phases that are separated by an angle of 180°. Since there are two phases, this
technique is also called 2-PSK.
Sigfox is widely used for applications that send small, infrequent bursts of data.
Ex. Alarm systems, location monitoring systems, and simple metering
systems.

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 Sigfox
popular in the LPWAN industry.
It has partnership with a lot of vendors in the radio space such as
Texas Instruments, Silicon Labs, and Axom.
Sigfox does not support bidirectional networks
It supports for uplink for only sensor applications. Because of
this restriction , It can transfer only 15 bytes at a time and 10
messages per day.
It limits the usability of technology only for very simple devices.
Ex. Street lighting. Smart lighting and Gas level finding
Sigfox uses antennas that are set up on towers in order to receive
data from devices such as parking sensors and water sensors.
Data transmissions range: 868 or 915 MHz frequency bands.

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 2. Weightless
Weightless is an open LPWAN standard. It operates in sub-1GHz unlicensed spectrum.
Weightless has three open standards:
◾Weightless-P
◾Weightless-N
◾Weightless-W
2.1 Weightless-P
This standard offers bidirectional communication.
It uses a narrow band modulation scheme in order to provide bidirectional
communications capability.
Provides very high quality of service (QoS) parameter that are best in IoT sector
Weightless-P will offer:
 The committed performance rate
 Network reliability, and
 Security parameters
 Low Cost when compared to LPWAN
 IT consume less than 100 uW power consumption in an idle state. Its very
low if we compare to 3mW which is used by a cellular technologies.
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2.2 Weightless-N
It offers one-way communication.
They have a long battery life of about 10 years and have a low network cost.
The Weightless-N standard uses star network architecture.
 It works in sub-GHz spectrum using ultra narrow band (UNB) technology.

It offers:
a range of several kilometers even in urban environments.
very low power consumption, which in turn provides a long battery life for
devices.
It requires small conventional cells, minimal hardware, and incurs less network
costs
It uses Differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) digital modulation
scheme to transmit using narrow frequency bands.
It uses a frequency hopping algorithm in order to reduce interference.
It supports encryption and implicit authentication using a shared secret key
regime in order to encode transmitted information via a 128-bit AES algorithm.

27 It provide the guaranteed data transmission during mobility as well
2.3 Weightless-W

This standard is the most extensively used option as it runs in the

unused TV spectrum.
 Data rates from 1 Kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s are possible based on the
link budget with the size of data packets starting from 10 bytes.
There is no upper bound on packet size., Interrupt feature
supported.
The overhead is extremely low, for example, 50-byte packets have
less than 20% overhead.
message transmission modes are supported.
ex: 0ne tp many

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2.3 Weightless-W

Service provision layering features provide worldwide contracts

and automated change of net work provider capabilities.

Terminals can run multiple applications at the same time, and the
mobility is fully supported.

 This standard provides an ultra secure 128-bit encryption and

authentication model, which is based on a shared secret key. This
standard has an extremely low complexity architecture. This straight
away svaes battery life.

The frequency hopping and intelligent frequency planning features

help to maximize throughput on congested networks.

This standard offers wide range of modulation schemes and

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 spreading factors. The range is about 5 km in indoor terminals.
2.3 Weightless-W

Service provision layering features provide worldwide contracts

and automated change of net work provider capabilities.

Terminals can run multiple applications at the same time, and the
mobility is fully supported.

 This standard provides an ultra secure 128-bit encryption and

authentication model, which is based on a shared secret key. This
standard has an extremely low complexity architecture. This straight
away svaes battery life.

The frequency hopping and intelligent frequency planning features

help to maximize throughput on congested networks.

This standard offers wide range of modulation schemes and

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 spreading factors. The range is about 5 km in indoor terminals.
3. LoRa (Long Range Radio)

LoRa Alliance12 promotes use of an open standard for LoRa-based networks

called LoRaWAN.
LoRa stands for Long Range Radio and is mainly targeted for M2M and IoT
networks. 
This standard was developed by Semtech, IBM research, and Actility.
Few main features of LoRaWAN:
 They have three open standards that provide various types of options for end
users.
◾Since it is an open ecosystem, there are a lot of software and vendors that are
available in the market for supporting this standard.
◾This standard lacks many features like support for roaming, packetization,
firmware upgrades over air, and so on.
◾In order to use this standard, the network server software should be run in
the cloud that mandates subscription from a network server vendor.
◾Semtech is the only vendor that manufactures the chips that may impact the scale
of production and adoption of this standard.
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 
 Any Doubts

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