Hypothesis Testing

It is a decision – making process for evaluating claims about a

population
It is basically testing an assumption that we can make about a
population.

A hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a

population parameter which may or may not be true.
 The Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

• It is denoted by Ho • It is denoted by Ha or H1
• It is the initial claim • It is the contrary to the null hypothesis.
• It shows no significant difference, no • It shows that there is significant difference,
changes, nothing happened, no relationship an effect, change, relationship between
between two parameters. parameter and specific value.
• The independent variable has no effect on • The independent variable has an effect on
the dependent variable. the dependent variable
• Ho : 1 = 2 • Ha : 1 2 , Ha : 1 2 , Ha : 1 2
Null Hypothesis, Ho
= Equal to , the same as , not changed from , is

Alternative Hypothesis, Ha or H1

≠ Not equal , different from , changed from , not the same as

¿ Greater than , above , higher than , longer than , bigger than , increased ,
at least

¿ Less than , below , lower than , smaller than , shorter than , decreased or
reduced from , at most
State the null and alternative hypothesis for each statement

Example #1. The average age of bus drivers in Metro Manila is 38.8 years old

Ho : = 38.8 years

Ha : 38.8 years

Example #2. The average number of calories of a low-calorie meal is at most 300
calories
Ho : = 300 calories

Ha : 300 calories
State the null and alternative hypothesis for each statement

3. The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the incoming Grade 11
students is 81. The teacher whishes to find out if the claim is true. She test if there is
significant difference between the batch mean score and the mean score of students in
her class.

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words
symbol

Ho : The mean score of the incoming Grade

Ho : = 81
11 students is 81

Ha : The mean score of the incoming Grade

Ha : 81
11 students is not 81
 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. Identify Null / Alternative Hypothesis

Ho : = 16 / /

Ha : 16 / /

2. Identify the test to be used

• is given Z – test
• is not given t – test
 Two – tailed test ()
 One – tailed test ( , )
3. Calculate the test statistic
 Z – statistic  T – statistic

Z= t=

4. Calculate the critical value

• z – test = z – table
• t – test = n 30 (z – table)
= n 30 (t – table )
5. Draw the conclusion

 Accept the Ho
 Accept the Ho
Example #1

A manufacturer of cellular phone batteries claims that when fully charged, the
mean life of his products lasts for 26 hours with a standard deviation of 5
hours. Mr. DG, a regular distributor, randomly picked and tested 35 of the
batteries. His test showed that the average life of his sample is 24.3 hours. Is
there a significant difference between the average life of all the
manufacturer’s batteries and the average battery life of his sample? Assume
the level of significance of 5%
Example #2

An instructor gives his class an achievement test which, as he knows

from years of experience, yields a mean = 85. His present class of
25 obtains a mean of 87 and a standard deviation of 5. He now
claims that his present class is a superior class. Is he correct in his
claim with level of significance 0.05?
Example #3

A stenographer claims that she can type at the rate of 120 words per
minute. Can we reject her claim on the basis of 100 trials in which she
demonstrate a mean of 116 words with a standard deviation of 15 words?
Use 5% level of significance.
Seatwork #2
1. Consider the following hypothesis
• Ho : = 250
• Ha : = 250
The sample mean is 253 and the sample size is 50. The population is
normally distributed with a standard deviation of 16. Test the hypothesis
at 0.05 level of significance.
2. An oil company claims that their new gasoline formula contains an additive
that results in increased fuel efficiency. To test the claim, they collaborate with
an automobile company to send 30 identical cars on a road trip from Manila to
Dau. The average mileage of these cars turns out to be 10.8km/L. Without the
additive, It is known that these cars’ average mileage is 10km/L, with a
standard deviation of 1.4km/L. At 0.01 level of significance, should we agree
with the company’s claim?