Scribd
Upload
32 views15 pages

ISOMERS

The document discusses different types of isomers including structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers. Structural isomers of cycloalkanes can exist in cis or trans forms depending on the positions of substituents. Geometric isomers of alkenes and substituted alkenes also exhibit cis-trans isomerism. The isomers of but-2-ene-1, 4-dioic acid have different reactivity to heat depending on their cis or trans form. Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images that differ only in their ability to rotate plane-polarized light.

Uploaded by

Claudia Jaukin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views15 pages

ISOMERS

The document discusses different types of isomers including structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers. Structural isomers of cycloalkanes can exist in cis or trans forms depending on the positions of substituents. Geometric isomers of alkenes and substituted alkenes also exhibit cis-trans isomerism. The isomers of but-2-ene-1, 4-dioic acid have different reactivity to heat depending on their cis or trans form. Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images that differ only in their ability to rotate plane-polarized light.

Uploaded by

Claudia Jaukin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

ISOMERS

THE SAME BUT DIFFERENT


Other common ring structures, cyclobutane, cyclopentane and
cyclohexane, are all severely constrained in their molecular
movements. Because of their cyclic nature and these rotational
constraints, cycloalkanes have two ‘sides’, a top and a bottom. This
leads to the possibility of isomerism n substituted cycloalkanes.

1, 2-dichlorocyclopropane exists as
two isomers.
These are termed cis (from the Latin
meaning ‘on the same side’) and trans
(from the Latin meaning ‘across’)
isomers, depending on whether the
two chlorine atoms are both on top of
the ring, or on opposite sides of the
ring.
This lack of rotation also occurs at the C = C bond in alkenes, giving rise to
the possibility of cis–trans isomerism in substituted alkenes.
Geometric isomers
differ in their physical
and chemical
properties
The isomers of but-2-ene-1, 4-dioic acid also differ considerably in their response to
heating. On heating to 150°C the cis isomer loses water readily to produce an acid
anhydride. In the trans form the two carboxyl groups are too far apart to form this cyclic
anhydride. The trans isomer will only produce the anhydride at the much higher
temperature of 250°C.
ENANTIOMERS ARE SAID TO BE CHIRAL
A chiral molecule and its mirror image cannot be placed so they match exactly.

The most commonly encountered cause of chirality


is the molecule containing a carbon atom bonded to 4 different substituents
CWXYZ
Such a carbon is called asymmetric centre,
and can also be referred to as chiral carbon
How do the physical properties of enantiomers compare?

The physical properties such as melting point, density, and


spectroscopic properties are identical

Only one physical property differs between enantiomers

The direction of rotation of plane – polarized light

Why is this important?

YOU WILL ANSWER THIS QUESTION

You might also like