Emerging Trends in Mechanical

Engineering (22652)

Chapter 4 – Energy Audit and Energy Management

Prepared by Mr. S. R. Dawankar

A. G. Patil Polytechnic Institute, Solapur

4.1 Standards and Labelling Standard
(HVAC) Topics

4.2 Energy Monitoring and Targeting

4.3 Energy Audit and Management

What is energy Audit?
Why it is needed?
 Energy Audit
Study of energy consumption of an organization/process/plant
which is focused at reduction in energy consumption and
energy cost without affecting productivity and comfort by
suggesting methods of energy saving and cost reduction.

1. Preliminary Audit
2. Targeted Audit
3. Detailed Audit (3 Phases)
 Energy Management
Science of involving planning, directing and controlling the supply
and consumption of energy to maximize productivity and comfort
and minimize the energy cost and pollution with effective use of
energy.

This management involves:

Strategy, policy, organizational changes, energy audit, energy
conservation measures, training and awareness program; etc.
 4.1 Standards and Labeling standard

• Introduction
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
• Standards & Labels (S & L)
• BEE Star Labeling & Star Labeled Appliances
• Types of BEE Star Levels & Power Savings Guide
• EER, SEER & ISEER
 Introduction
Energy Trends in India
• Energy consumption in India was low
 Indian Per capita energy consumption is 530 kgoe while world average is 1770

 Per capita electricity consumption is 631.5 kWh against world average of 2500
kWh
 Installed Indian Capacity 145,000 MW (approx.)

 Peak Load Electricity Supply Shortage 15%

 Base Load Supply Shortage 9%

• Energy demand is increasing due to rising incomes, accelerated industrialization,
urbanization and rise in population
1 2003-04 : 572 Mtoe

2 2016-17 : 842-916 Mtoe

 Energy Conservation Act and
BEE
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
As
Statutory Body

Created by

Energy Conservation Act-2001

On

1st March 2002

for Implementation of Energy Efficiency Policy in
India.
 Legal Framework for Energy Efficiency

• Energy Conservation Act enacted in 2001

• Bureau of Energy Efficiency set up as the nodal central agency

• State designated agencies at the state level created for implementation of the Act.
 Prohibit Mandatory
Maximize energy Manufacture, labelling on
efficiency of Sale and Import equipment for
HVAC appliances of non- customer
conforming awareness
equipment

Main Provisions of
Energy Conservation Act on S & L
 Institutional frame work for regulation for
Energy Efficiency
• BIS – National Standards Body
 Formulation & Implementation of National Standards
 Production certification, Quality system certification, EMS certification etc.
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
 BEE is established to implement & monitor the Energy Conservation Act, 2001
 One of the key thrust areas of EC Act, 2001 is Standards & Labeling Programme
 Formulation of Energy Efficiency Standards.
• Laboratories accredited by National Accreditation Board of Laboratories
• Educational Institutions.
• Manufacturers and Manufacturing Associations
• Consumer Organizations
• Ministries and key stakeholders.
 Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• BEE is an agency from Government of India, operating under Ministry of Power.
• It was established on 1st March 2002 under the provisions of Energy Conversation Act, 2001.

Important functions of BEE

1. Create awareness about Energy usage and it’s Conservation
2. Impart training for Efficient use of Energy and Conservation
3. Plan and Organize Research and Development through expert agencies
4. Development of Testing and Certification Procedures along with promotion of Testing facilities
5. Promotion of use of Energy Efficient Technologies, Processes, Equipment and Systems
6. Finance planning of Energy Efficiency Projects
7. Implementation of Pilot Projects and International Co-operation programmes for Energy
Conservation
 Ongoing Programs
1. Standard & Labeling (S&L) Programme

2. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

3. Bachat Lamp Yojna (Now replaced by UJALA scheme)
(CDM Based Efficient Lighting Project For House hold)
4. Energy Efficiency in Industries

5. Municipal Demand Side Management (MDSM)

6. Agricultural Demand Side Management (ADSM)

7. Strengthening of State Designated Agencies

(SDA)
 Standard & Labeling Programme in India
• BEE is established to implement & monitor the Energy Conservation Act,
2001.
• BEE had launched S&L Scheme as voluntary basis under National

Energy Labeling Programme on 18th May 2006. covering Eleven

Products phase wise.

• The Standards and Labeling is a direct outcome of section 14 clause (a)-(d) of

the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

• One of the key areas of EC Act, 2001 is Standards & Labeling Program.
Section 14 in The Energy Conservation Act, 2001
Power of Central Government to enforce efficient use of energy and its
conservation. -The Central Government may, by notification, in consultation
with the Bureau-
(a) specify the norms for processes and energy consumption standards for any
equipment, appliance which consumes, generates, transmits or supplies energy;
(b) specify equipment or appliance or class of equipments or appliances, as the case
may be, for the purposes of this Act;
(c) prohibit manufacture or sale or purchase or import of equipment or appliance
specified under clause (b), unless such equipment or appliance conforms to energy
consumption standards
(d) direct display of such particulars on label on equipment or on appliance specified
under clause (b) and in such manner as may be specified by regulations;
 What is Standards?
• Prescribe limits on the energy consumption (or minimum levels of
the energy efficiency) of manufactured products.
• “Standards” commonly encompasses two possible meanings:
- well-defined test protocols to obtain a sufficiently accurate
estimate
- target limits on energy performance
What is Label?
• Describes energy performance (in the form of energy use,
efficiency or energy cost)
• “Labels” mainly give consumers the necessary information to
make
informed purchase.
 Standards & Labels (S & L)
► Standards – It is the specified minimum energy efficiency level product must meet before they can
be legally sold.
► Labels – They certify energy performance level of a manufactured product. This will be in the
form of specific energy consumption or efficiency or energy cost.
1. Comparative Labels 2. Endorsement Labels
They help customers to compare the energy
consumption of other similar products and take a They create awareness about highly efficient
decision. category through certification.
The Energy Labeling Program
 BEE Star Labeling
► According to BEE Standards and Labelling Program 2006, star rating has been provided for all
major appliances and they are labelled accordingly.
► The Star Rating range from 1 to 5 in the ascending order of energy efficiency of a product.
• Since there is a wide variation in energy consumption for the same product from different
manufacturers.
Why ? • Energy consumption information generally is not easily available for customers
• Chance of customers buying inefficient product / appliance
• Manufacturer – Creation of Energy Efficient Product
Value Addition • Customer – Selection of high Energy Performance Product with optimum
investment
• Country – Minimum Energy Consumption and Reduced Carbon Foot Print
Example

Refrigerator 1 has Star Label with 5 Star Rating Refrigerator 2 has Star Label with 3 Star
Rating
Conclusion:
►
Refrigerator 1 is more energy-efficient than Refrigerator 2 (More Star Ratings = More Energy Efficiency)
Hence, the consumer should purchase Refrigerator 1
 BEE Star Labeled Appliances
Launched on 18th May 2006 , for 4 products by BEE
1. Mandatory Scheme 2. Voluntary Scheme
Star Label is compulsory for these appliances Star Label is optional for these appliances
1. Room A/C (Fixed Speed) 1. Induction Motor 12. Chillers

2. Frost-free Refrigerator 2. Pumps 13. Microwave Oven

3. Direct Cool Refrigerator 3. UHD TV 14. Solar Water Heater

4. Room A/C (Floor Standing) 4. LPG Stoves 15. Light Commercial A/C

5. Variable Capacity Inverter A/C 5. Washing Machine 16. Deep Freezers

6. LED Lamps 6. Computer 17. Air Compressor

7. Tubular Fluorescent Lamp (TFL) 7. Ballast 18. Tyres / Tires

8. Colour TV 8. Office equipment 19. Hi Energy Li Battery

9. Electric Geyser 9. Diesel Engine Driven Mono-set Pumps 20. Table/wall mounted fan
10. Distribution Transformer 10. Solid State Inverter 21. Side by side refrigerator

11. Ceiling Fan 11. Diesel Generator Sets

 Types of BEE Star Labels

1. BEE - Big Labels 2. BEE - Small Labels

 Power Savings Guide - Example with Explanation

► BEE has made it mandatory for all the air

conditioners to have a label as shown in the figure
alongside.

► More number of Stars = More Efficiency or EER

► EER is given by W / W (same as COP)

► EER in BTU/hr/W = 3.413 X EER in W/W

► EER in BTU/hr/W = 3.413 X COP

Performance of AC is indicated by EER or ISEER on BEE label
1. EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio (Used for non inverter type AC)
The EER is the ratio of the cooling capacity (in British thermal units [BTU]
per hour) to the power input (in watts).
- The higher the EER rating, the more efficient the air conditioner.
- Unit of EER BTU/Hr/W.
- 1 W = 3.412 BTU/h or 1BTU/h = 0.29 W

2. ISEER- Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (Used for

Inverter type AC)
ISEER rating is the ratio of total cooling load (amount of heat removed) to
the total amount of energy consumed by the air conditioner Annually.
ISEER = Cooling seasonal total load (CSTL) / Cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC)
 Star Rating Levels - Values for A/C

► BEE revises Star rating for A/C

from time to time.

► Hence, A/C with 5 Star rating can

become a 3 Star next year as
shown in the table below

► One should check the validity of Star

Ratings as shown in the tables above.
New BEE Energy efficiency ratings for AC for year 2023
 4.3 Energy Audit and Energy Management

• 4.3.1 Need, Objectives, Types of Energy Audit & Energy Audit

Instruments
• 4.3.2 Energy Management, Energy Conservation
 4.3.1 Need, Objectives, Types of Energy Audit & Energy Audit Instruments

According to the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 of Government of India, Energy Audit means -
“The verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report
containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action
plan to reduce energy consumption.’
Energy Audit is
Inspection Surve Analysis
y
Of….. ?

Energy Flows

For… ?

ENERGY
CONSERVATION
Of a Building, Equipment, Process or System
To Reduce Input Energy Cost without compromising the Output
 Need for Energy Audit
► Top 3 operating expenses in any industry are:
1.Energy (Electrical and Thermal)
2.Labour/Manpower
3.Materials
► Amongst these 3, energy has the maximum potential for Savings. (Top ranker for cost
reduction)
► Hence, Energy Audit and Management is a very important initiative for cost reduction.
► Primary Objective – Identify ways to reduce Energy Consumption per Unit of Production
or to lower the operating costs.
► Energy Audit establishes a reference point (bench-mark) around which the costs are
managed in the organisation.
► It provides base for planning the future use of energy more effectively and also help
in planning the future equipment purchases.
 Objectives of Energy Audit

1. Identify • Quality and Costs of various Energy

Inputs
2. Assess • Present pattern of energy consumption in different
departments
3. Compare • Energy Inputs with Production
Output
4. Identify • Potential areas of Thermal and Electrical Energy
Saving
5. Highlight • Wastages in Major
Areas
6. Propose • Energy Saving Targets for the Individual
Departments
7. Implement • Measures of Energy
Conservation
8. Sustain • Ensure sustenance of Energy Efficiency by constant
monitoring
 Types of Energy Audits

1. Preliminary Energy Audit (PEA)

2. Detailed Energy Audit (DEA)
3. Targeted Energy Audit (TEA)
 Types of Energy Audit

Choice of Energy Audit depends upon

Function and Type of industry Depth to which the data analysis required Cost Savings Targeted

Types of Energy Audit

1. Preliminary Energy
2. Detailed Energy Audit 3. Targeted Energy Audit
Audit (PEA)
(DEA) (TEA)
• Simple analysis of energy • Detailed analysis of energy • Based on the outcome
use. use. of
• Readily available data used • Data collected and analysed preliminary energy audit.
• Quick, hence gives general using on-site • Provides data and detailed
results for energy measurements. analysis about specified
efficiency improvement. • Time-consuming, hence target
• Time required -Generally, 1 gives specific results for equipment/processes.
to 10 days energy efficiency • Results depend upon the
improvement. competency and
• Time required - Generally, experience of an auditor
1 to 10 weeks. • Low focus on other
potential saving areas
1. Preliminary Energy Audit (PEA) - Methodology

1. Establish Energy Consumption

2. Estimate scope for saving

3. Identify low cost and major saving areas simultaneously

4. Identify immediate/low-cost savings

5. Set a reference point

6. Identify areas for more detailed savings

 1. Detailed Energy Audit (DEA) - Methodology

Detailed Energy Audit evaluates all systems and

equipment which consume energy and the audit
comprises a detailed study on energy savings and costs.

Detailed Energy Audit is carried out in 3 phases

– The Pre-audit Phase
– The Audit Phase
– The Post-Audit Phase
 The Ten Steps for Detailed Audit
Step PLAN OF ACTION PURPOSE / RESULTS
No
Phase I –Pre Audit Phase

Step 1  Plan and organise  Resource planning, Establish/organize a

 Walk through Audit Energy audit team
 Informal Interview with  Organize Instruments &time frame
Energy Manager, Production  Macro Data collection (suitable to type
/ Plant Manager of
industry.)
 Familiarization of process/plant activities
 First hand observation & Assessment of
current level operation and practices
 Conduct of brief meeting / awareness
Step 2 programme with all divisional
heads and persons concerned  Building up cooperation
(2-3 hrs.)  Issue questionnaire for each department
 Orientation, awareness creation
 Phase II –Audit Phase
Step 3  Historic data analysis, Baseline data collection
 Primary data gathering, Process
Flow Diagram, & Energy Utility  Prepare process flow charts
Diagram  All service utilities system diagram (Example: Single line
power distribution diagram, water, compressed air & steam
distribution.
 Design, operating data and schedule of operation
 Annual Energy Bill and energy consumption pattern (Refer
manual, log sheet, name plate, interview)

Step 4  Conduct survey and Monitoring  Measurements :

Motor survey, Insulation, and Lighting survey with portable
instruments for collection of more and accurate data.
Confirm and compare operating data with design data.
S t ep  C ond u c t d e t a ile d tria ls
of  T r ia ls /
5 /e x p e ri m e n ts for s ele c te d e ne r g y - e n2t 4s : ho u r s p o w e r m o n i t o r i n g ( M D , P F , k W h
E x p e r im
g u z z le r s e tc .).
- L o a d var ia t i o ns t r e nd s in p u m p s , f a n
c o m p r e s s o r s e tc .
- B oi le r / E ff ic ie n c y t r ials for ( 4 – 8 ho u r s )
- F u r n a c e E ffi c i e nc y t r ia ls
E q u i p m e n ts P e rfo r m a n c e
e x p e r i m e n t s etc

S t ep  A n a l ys is of e n e r g y u s  E n e rg y a n d M a t e ria l b a la n c e & e n e rg y los s / w a s

6 e ana lys i t e
s
S t ep  Ident i fi c a t i o n a n d d e ve l o p  Ide nt i fi c a t i o n & C on s ol id a t i on E N C O N m e a s
7 m e n t o f E ne r g y C on s e r v a t i o n ures
( E N C O N ) o p p o r t u ni t ie s
 C on c e i v e , d e ve lop , a n d r e fine id e a s
 R e v i e w the pr e vi ous ideas s ugge s t ed by unit pers
onal
 R ev i e w the pre vious ide as su gg ested
 Useb byr a ins t o r maudit
energy i n g if a and
ny value analysis
t e c hni q u e s
 C ont act for
t e c hno l o g
vendors n e w /e ffic ie nt
y
S t ep
 C os t bene fi t ana lys i  As s es s technicalfe a s ibili t y, e c onom i
8
s via b il i t y a n d c pr iorit iz of E N C O N options for
a t ipon
im le m e n t a t i o n
 S e le c t t he m o s t p r om i s i n g pr oje c t s
 P riorit is e b y lo w , m e d i u m , long m e a s te rm
ures

S t ep  R e p or t i n g & P r e s e nt a t io n t o t h e T o D ocument a t i on, Re por t P r es entation to the top M a na g e m

9 p M a na g e m e n t ent.
Step10 Phase III –Post Audit phase
 Implementation and Follow- up Assist and Implement recommendation measures and
Monitor the performance
 Action plan, Schedule for implementation
 Follow-up and periodic review
 1. Targeted Energy Audit (TEA) - Methodology

• Targeted energy audits are mostly based upon the outcome of the
preliminary audit results.
• They provide data and detailed analysis on specified target
projects.
• As an example, an organization may target its lighting system or
boiler system or compressed air system with a view to bring
about energy savings.
• Targeted audits therefore involve detailed surveys of the target
subjects/areas with analysis of the energy flows and costs associated
with those targets.
 Sample MCQ’s
Sr. No. Question A B C D
In an industry, has the best
1. potential for cost savings. Energy Labour Materials All of these

The inspection, survey and analysis of

2. energy flows for energy conservation in a Energy
Energy Efficiency Energy Audit Energy Output
building is called as Management

If specific results for energy efficiency

3. improvement are required, energy Preliminary Detailed Targeted All of these
audit will be the best choice.

Detailed Energy Audit generally requires

4. 1 to 10 weeks 1 to 3 days 1 to 3 weeks 1 to 10 days

If readily available data is used, the energy audit

5. performed is PEA DEA TEA All of these

A company has 10 machines. During

6. energy audit, only 3 machines are Preliminary Detailed Targeted All of these
considered. It is
energy audit.
 Energy Audit Instruments

3. Wattmeter/Power Factor
Meter.
To measure power consumption
and power factor of individual
motors and other inductive
devices

1. Tape Measure
To check dimensions of
walls, ceilings, windows,
etc.
2. L
i
g
h
 4. Combustion Analyzer / Fyrite 5. Contact Thermometer 6. Infrared Thermometer
To measure concentration of O2, CO, To measure temperature of Non-contact instrument for
NOx and SOx in flue gases generated in flue gases, hot air and hot measure high temperatures from a
combustion water by direct insertion of long distance. Used in furnaces
probe and other hot surfaces
 8.2 Doppler Effect
8.1 Transit time type
Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Ultrasonic Flow
Meter
7. Pitot Tube & Differential 8. Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Manometer Non-contact-type instrument used to directly measure flow-rate of water and any
To measure air velocity other fluids. High accuracy can be achieved in measurement.
and air pressure in ducts
 9.3 Stroboscope 9.4 Anemometer
9.1 Tachometer 9.2 Laser Tachometer
Non-contact To measure air
Contact type Non-contact type
type speed
9. Speed Measurement Instruments
To measure speeds of machine shafts, gearboxes, motors, rotors, fans, blowers, turbines, etc. These can be contact-type and
non- contact type instruments.
 10. Ultrasonic Leak Detector 11. Digital Psychrometer 12. Digital Bourdon Tube Pressure
To remotely detect leaks of compressed To measure DBT, WBT & RH of Gauge
air and other gases not possible for air To measure pressures of liquids and
humans gases
 4.3.2 Energy Management, Energy Conservation

Energy Management is -
“The proactive, organised and systematic coordination of procurement, conversion, distribution and
use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account environmental and economic
objectives”.

Energy Management is

Conserving & Optimizing

Energy use

for ?

1. Getting more production output 2. Saving money and making the

from the same or less energy processes
more comfortable, healthy and safe
 Energy Conservation
Energy Conservation is -
“approach to reduce energy consumption using latest optimisation tools”
Approaches of Energy Conservation

1. Using energy more 2. Reducing the amount of energy

efficiently used
Example: Example:
Using a car with a highly efficient engine, Driving less (Using
having minimum energy losses or wastages car as and when
necessary)

Objectives of Energy Conservation

► Reduce the dependency on foreign countries for resources
► Reduce energy requirement by demand-sidemanagement
► Rising energy demands owing to higher production
► Minimize the carbon footprint
► Protect theenvironment and conserve the natural resources
 Energy Costs
► Understanding energy cost is very important for creating awareness & calculating savings.
► Many industries do not have meters to measure energy, they use fuel and electricity invoices
► Purposes of energy invoices: -
1. For providing record of annual energy purchased, for future reference
2. For indicating potential for savings when related to production
3. For quantifying energy and cost savings through energy conservation measures

1. Fuel Costs 2. Power Costs (Electricity)

Factors to be
Type of Fuel Factors involved in deciding
considered
final cost of purchased
during
electricity
procurement
1. Maximum 5. High tension and
1. Fuel Oil
• Price at demand charges (kVA) low tension tariff
- source,
Low Sulphur Heavy Stock transport 2. Energy Charges (kWh) 6. Slab rates variation
(LSHS) charges, typeof 3. ToD charges 7. Category-wise tariff
2. Light Diesel Oil (LDO) transport
• Quality of fuel 4. Power Factor (PF) charge 8. Tariff for developed
3. Liquefied Petroleum • Calorific Value / underdeveloped areas
Gas (LPG)
4. Coal, Lignite, Wood, etc.
 Energy Performance

Current Year’s Production

Production Factor =
Reference Year’s Production
Reference Year Equivalent Energy Use or Reference Year Equivalent
► It is the reference year’s energy that would have been used to produce the current year’s production output

Reference Year Equivalent = Reference Year’s Energy Use X Production Factor

Plant Energy Performance (PEP)

► It is the measure of whether a plant is now using more energy or less energy to manufacture the products than it
did in the past.
► It is the improvement or deterioration in energy performance from the reference year.
► It indicates how well the energy management programme is doing.

Reference Year Equivalent - Current Year’s Energy

Plant Energy Performance (PEP) = X 100
Reference Year Equivalent
 4.2 Energy Monitoring and Targeting

Energy Monitoring & Targeting is a management technique that uses Energy Information to:

Reduce and Control Current Improve Existing

Eliminating Waste
Energy Usage Operating Practices

Energy Monitoring Aims at establishing the current or baseline Energy Performance

Energy Targeting Aims at identification of defined targeted energy consumption

 Elements of Energy Monitoring & Targeting Systems

Measuring & Recording Energy use

Use management
technique to correct co-relation between
variation and control the Energy consumption to
energy consumption measured O/P

energy consumption to
Reporting the results standard / benchmark
value

Comparing energy
consumption to the set target to reduce and control energy
on a regular basis consumption
 Essential Elements of Energy Monitoring & Targeting System
Sr. No. Name of Element It’s Function
1. Recording Measurement and Recording of the data related to Energy Consumption
2. Analysing Co-relating Energy Consumption with measured output (e.g. Production)
3. Comparing Compare Energy Consumption with an appropriate Standard or Benchmark
4. Setting Targets Set the target to reduce or control Energy Consumption
5. Monitoring Compare the Energy Consumption with the Set target on a regular basis
6. Reporting Report the gaps w. r. t. the set target
7. Controlling Implement measures to control the variation and reduce the gaps

Steps in Energy Monitoring & Targeting System

1. Checking the accuracy of energy invoices
2. Allocating energy costs to respective departments (Energy Cost Centres)
3. Determining the energy performance
4. Recording energy usage to check whether energy performance is in line with the target
5. Highlighting the issues related with equipment or system under performance
 Relationship between Energy and Production

Energy Consumption for a period = C + (M x Production for the same period)

Where:
C = Fixed Energy Consumption
(For Lighting, Heating/Cooling and General Purpose Services, irrespective of change in Production Levels)
M = Variable Energy Consumption
(Directly Related with Production )
 Data and Information Analysis
Co - Relating Energy Consumption with O/P or Production Quantity
 It is very important to understand the various ways of Energy Consumption.

 Data collection related with Production, Operational hours etc. forms a baseline data.

 The data is analysed to establish base line Energy Performance of a plant.

 After collection of data related with Energy Consumption, Energy Cost and Production, the next step
is to analyse it.
 Graphical tools are very effective for developing a relationship between Energy Consumption and
Production

Energy data can be analysed by using the following techniques

Pie Chart Bar Chart CUSUM Technique

 Energy Data and Information Analysis - Pie Chart - Example - 1

Step 1
► Electricity and Fuel Bills are collected for a defined
period and are analysed using an Annual Energy
Cost Sheet as shown in the table alongside.
► This table shows a typical format for monitoring
plant level information.

Step 2
► After collecting the Annual Energy Cost of each
Fuel, a Pie Chart showing % share of each fuel has
been prepared, as shown in the figure alongside.
 Energy Data and Information Analysis - Pie Chart - Example - 2

Step 1
► All Energy resources purchased by the plant are
converted into a common energy unit i.e. Kcal
► The table alongside provides guidelines for
arriving at Equivalent Energy Units for each
Energy Source.

Step 2
► A Pie Chart is prepared showing % usage of
each energy resource, as shown by figure
alongside.
 Energy Data and Information Analysis - Bar Chart

Use of Bar Chart (Different Types)

Annual Total for Energy SEC with Production

Monthly Consumption and Production Monthly SEC
data for the Current
and Previous year
 Energy Data and Information Analysis - Bar Chart - Examples

1. Monthly Energy Consumption for Current &

Previous year
► Most commonly used bar chart in energy management
however, it is not a perfect tool.
► Production data for the same 24/12 months is
required.

2. Annual Total for Energy and Production

► Energy and Production are plotted in the same chart on
y-Axis on both the sides.
► Each Point corresponds to the sum of previous
12 months data
► Each point covers seasonal cycle and holidays
etc.
► Minimises the timing error of various meter1 March 2021
readings
Energy Data and Information Analysis - Bar Chart -
Examples
3. Monthly SEC (Specific Energy Consumption)
► Energy Consumption is directly related with production.
► Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) is
energy consumption per unit of
production.
► Quality of M & T System will depend on
quality of data

4. SEC with production

► Magnitude of Production may affect Specific
Consumption
► Few more features can be explained by
adding Production data to the monthly SEC
chart.
► SEC and Production are plotted on y-Axis on both
sides as shown in figure along side.
 CUSUM Technique

► Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) is a graphical technique.

► It represents the difference between the baseline (expected or standard energy
consumption) and the actual energy consumption points over the defined
period of time.
► It helps in calculation of Saving/Loss for the data period and also indicates change
in performance.
► A typical CUSUM graph follows a trend.
► It shows random fluctuations of energy consumption.
► It has to oscillate around zero, which is the expected or standard energy
consumption.
CUSUM Technique - Example