DistributedModule-3

Power Generation
 ❖ Distributed Generation refers to the production of electricity near the place of consumer.

Renewable Source of Energy:

❖ MNRE
❖ Uncertainty in supply of coal and gas
❖ Drastic fall in capital costs, the cost per unit of renewable power has come very close to
conventional source.

Renewable Purchase Obligation:

❖ As per the electricity act 2003, section 86(1)(e) SERC

❖ India Government has mandated that 75% of nation’s cell tower have to run on RE by
2021
❖ CERC launched RPO scheme in 2010.
Grid Connectivity:

Harmonic current injection and flicker introduced shall not be beyond the limits specified in IEEE standard
519 and IEC 61000 respectively.

IEEE standard 519 recommends a maximum Total Harmonic Distortion or THD of 5% for both current
and voltage for low voltage lines. IEEE 519 demands lower voltage distortion on high voltage lines over
69 kilovolts or 69 kV.

IEEE standard 519 also contains recommendations for harmonic controls for devices with reactive
components like rectifiers and capacitors. IEEE 519 is intended to measure power harmonics on power
system connections between a utility line and a building.

The DC current injection shall not be greater than 0.5% of the full rated output.
Wind Power : P= ε . ½ S A V^3

Solar Power: solar installed capacity was 35,739 MW as of 31 August 2020

Solar Thermal Power: Concentrating Solar Collector

Geothermal Power

Power from Ocean

Biomass Energy

Fuel Cell

Small power-Hydroelectricity
 Renovation and Modernisation of Power Plants
1. Residual life Assessment Studies- Life Extension
❖ For increasing efficiency of the power plants.
❖ Diagnostic test is carry out to Check up the ageing properties of the equipment
in service.
❖ Partial discharge testing, gas-chromatographic testing of transformer oil to see
the ageing condition of power transformer.
❖ The cost of renovating a plant is almost 1/3rd of cost involved in setting up a
new plant of the same capacity.
 Thermal Plants:
1. Steam-Turbine Rehabilitation
❖ The various life-assessing techniques are

(i) component integrity test, ultrasonic testing, borosonic testing, wet

fluorescent magnetic particle testing.

(ii) metallurgical tests like microstructure studies, material-composition test,

hardness test, spectrum electron microscopy

(iii) Finite-element method for thermal stress analysis

1. Boiler Renovation
TRANSMISSION PLANNING
Transmission system:
Transfers bulk power from the
generating system to
distribution system

Sub transmission system:

segregates power into dist.
systems

Distribution system:
Between transmission and
consumers
Operation
Criteria for planning of transmission system :
Availability of generation and demand
Voltage levels
Size and configuration of systems
Distance
Right of ways
Resource constraints
Due to increasing demand, network interconnection are done
Indian loading à 90 % ( Healthy loading à 50 % )
Network reaches alert state of operation at peak load
Small disturbance causes major network collapse in the grid network.
 TRANSMISSION NETWORK STUDIES
Interconnection permits power exchange
Planning of transmission system involves :
❖ Power flow requirements
❖ System stability
❖ Selection of voltage levels
❖ Voltage and reactive power flow
❖ Conductor selection
❖ Losses Insulation levels
❖ Type of structure
❖ Right of way
The grid consists of two infrastructures:

❖ The high voltage Transmission System

❖ The low voltage Transmission System

POWER- TRANSFER CAPABILITY:

At distance of 150 km or more, the maximum power transfer capability of a bulk power
circuit is usually limited by steady-state stability consideration.

The power transfer P is calculated by P = (Es Er Sinθ)/XL

 HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION
HV preferred due to :
❖ increasing requirement of bulk power transfer over long distances
❖ Feasibility i.e. economical and ecological advantages of generating power near the fuel source
instead of load centers
Voltage level of transmission Power handling capacity of a line :
depends on :
❖ Quantity of power
❖ Distance to be transmitted
 HVDC Transmission
1. The wide variation in the deficit generation in five region in India
2. With an AC tie, the disturbance of one region may be transmitted to the other region
3. The Asynchronous links, can reduce the spinning reserve required to a great extent.
4. HVDC inter-regional links, the overall stability of both the region shall increases
5. Operate with different frequencies on either side

Techno-Economic advantages are the following;

❖ The requirement of right of way for HVDC lines is about 50 to 60% of that for equivalent
ac lines
❖ HVDC will link the two grids
❖ Predetermined and controlled power transfer is possible
❖ Transient stability of the system improves
There are three different ways of HVDC link between two power systems

1. Two Terminal DC line

2. Back to Back DC line with a Long AC Feeder
3. Back to Back DC line at Border of Blocks

Reasons favouring HVDC lines are the following

4. Lower Line Costs

5. Lower Losses
6. Asynchronous Connection
7. Controllability
8. Costs
9. Long Lines
10. Long Cables
11. Submarine Cables
 Conductors
❖ Conductor Loading
❖ High-rating Conductor: HTLS
➢ ACCC (Aluminium Composite Core Conductor)
■ Weight is decreased as compared to steel
■ High-strength, low-loss, small-sag, high-operating-temperature, corrosion
resistance
➢ ACSS (Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported)
■ Conductors allow utilities to increase the amount of current upto 40%.
■ Allowing the utilities to increase energy output.
➢ ACCR (Aluminium Conductor Composite Reinforced)
■ Increasing transmission capacity without having to make substantial structural
changes.
Sub -Stations
 1. Sub-station Development

The following technical and Economical aspects are considered for planning the
density and size of substations in power system

● Load Density
● Load Growth
● Utilization of transformer capacity
● Maximum fault Levels
● Flexibility

The average distance between substation =

Sub-Station Bus-Bar Schemes

1. Single- Bus System

2. Duplicate Bus System
3. Transfer- Bus System
4. Breaker and a Half- System

Gas-Insulated Sub-Stations (GIS): GIS uses SF6 has compact size

5. Indoor Installation are always possible

6. It has higher reliability and less maintenance
7. It has less visual impact on the environment
8. It has lower costs for site clearance and buildings
9. Lower erection costs
 Energy Storage

❖ Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time.
❖ Energy storage involves converting energy from forms that are difficult to store to more
conveniently or economically storable forms.
❖ Energy storage is a critical component, for effective use of renewable resource and
strength of electrical grid .
❖ Electricity Storage is crucial both on the transmission side and on the distribution side.
❖ Commercial storage technologies for power system are hydro-pump storage and Nas
batteries.
❖ Li-ion batteries
 Reactive-Power Planning
❖ The main aim is to allocate and determine the size of reactive-power resources for
normal operating conditions.
❖ The static power resource are capacitors and reactors.
❖ The system voltage profile within limit and voltage stability are important for planning
for reactive power.
❖ Source and Sink for reactive power are Synchronous generators, overhead lines, UG
ables, transformers, loads, and compensating devices.
❖ The system is considered secure if voltage remains within 0.95-1.05 p u in the event of
contingency.
❖ The inefficient reactive power management can result in high network losses, equipment
overloading, unacceptable voltage level , voltage instability and outages result from
voltage collapse.
Reactive power devices for voltage regulation and power power factors correction.

Static Var Compensator (SVC):

● An SVC is an automatically controlled supply of VArs.

● The voltage of the bus at the location of SVC will be controlled.
Static Var Compensator (SVC):

1. Increased power-transfer capability

2. Additional flexibility in grid operation
3. Improved grid- voltage stability and control
4. Improve the power factor

Voltage Instability