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Hard & Soft Acids and Bases: B.Sc. III Year

This document discusses concepts related to hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory including: - Relative strengths of hydracids can be predicted based on hardness of anions - Stability of metal complexes can be explained by HSAB (e.g. Cd complexes) - HSAB can predict the course of reactions (e.g. mercury reactions) - Qualitative analysis uses HSAB to separate metal cation groups - Limitations of HSAB theory are that it does not provide strength scales and hardness is not solely dependent on acid/base character

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379 views

Hard & Soft Acids and Bases: B.Sc. III Year

This document discusses concepts related to hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory including: - Relative strengths of hydracids can be predicted based on hardness of anions - Stability of metal complexes can be explained by HSAB (e.g. Cd complexes) - HSAB can predict the course of reactions (e.g. mercury reactions) - Qualitative analysis uses HSAB to separate metal cation groups - Limitations of HSAB theory are that it does not provide strength scales and hardness is not solely dependent on acid/base character

Uploaded by

Gaurav 016
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hard & Soft

Acids and Bases


B.Sc. III year

Dr. Prabhat K. Baroliya


Department of Chemistry
MLSU, Udaipur
e-mail; [email protected]
Application of HSAB Concepts
• Relative strength of Hydracids
HF,HCL,HBR and HI
In aqueous solution the relative strength of
HF,HCI,HBr and HI can be predicted.
HX+H2O→H3O+ + X-
Hardest base F- will combine with hard acid H+
Hence HF Will be highly stable. It is therefore
least dissociated.
HF < HCI < HBr < HI
Application of HSAB Concepts
• Relative stabilities of complexes in Aq
• HSAB explain that [ Cd(CN)4]2- is more stable
than [Cd(NH3)4]2+.
• The soft acid Cd2+ will prefer to corrdinate
soft base CN-. It is clear from the Kinst
constants where cyano complex has
Kinst = 1.4x10-19
while for ammine complex it is
7.5x10-8 .
cyano complex is stable.
Application of HSAB Concepts
To Predict the Course of Reaction :
i) H+ + CH3HgOH→H2O+CH3Hg+
ii) H+ + CH3HgSH→H2S+CH3Hg+
• The reaction (i) goes to right as the hard acid
H+ binds strongly to hard base OH- to produce
stable product H2O
• On the other hand the reaction (ii) is favoured
to left where soft base SH will tend to remain
combined with soft acid CH3Hg+ instead of
joining to hard acid H+
STABILITY OF COMPLEX
Q: Why is AgI(s) very water-insoluble, but LiI
very water-soluble?
A: AgI is a soft acid-soft base combination, while
LiI is hard-soft. The interaction between Li+
and I- ions is not strong.

AgI(s) + H2O(l)  essentially no reaction


LiI(s) + H2O(l)  Li+(aq) + I-(aq)
Qualitative Analysis
• In the separation of the group cations carried
out this year, HSAB rules were used to
separate classes of ions based on different
hard and soft interactions
soft and
• Group II: Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Sn2+, Sb3+, Bi3+ borderline acids

• Group III: Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Cr2+ borderline
• Group IV: Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, K+, NH4+
hard acids
Separation of Cations
• The soft and borderline cations are separated through
reaction with the soft base sulfide, S2-. Group II sulfides
are less soluble than group III, so in order to selectively
remove group II ions, a low pH is used:
H2S(g) D 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq)
• Even at low S2- concentrations, the group II ions
precipitate (stronger interactions with the soft base, S2-)
• Raising the pH increases the S2- concentration, which
allows the precipitation of group III ions
• The group IV are then precipitated as hydroxides. These
cations are harder and prefer the hard base OH-.
Ambidentate Bases
• SCN- (thiocyanate) can interact through either
its S or N atom with Lewis acids. It can donate
an electron pair through more than one atom.
• Interaction will be through the S-atom with a
soft acid, or through the N-atom when
interacting with hard acids.
• Cr(III) interacts as Cr-NCS, while Pt(II) does so
as Pt-SCN
• Predict which way the following reactions will
•
go.
• HI + NaF HF + NaI R
• AlI3 + 3NaF AlF3 + 3NaI R
• CaS + H2O CaO + H2S R
• TiF4 + 2TiI2 TiI4 + 2TiF2 L
• CoF2 + HgBr2 CoBr2 + HgF2 L
• HgO + H2S HgS + H2O R
Predict which way the following reactions will go.
HI + NaF ----------- HF + NaI R
AlI3 + 3NaF AlF3 + 3NaI R
CaS + H2O CaO + H2S R
TiF4 + 2TiI2 TiI4 + 2TiF2 L
CoF2 + HgBr2 CoBr2 + HgF2 L
HgO + H2S HgS + H2O R
Limitations of HSAB Concepts
i) It does not provide any scale for acids and
bases strength
ii) The hardness and softness of A & B does not
depend on the acidic and basic chararacter of
compounds
Symbiosis
• This biological term was adopted for chemistry
by Jørgensen in 1964, who applied it to explain
the process by which a hard ligand on a metal
encourages the metal to receive another hard
ligand rather than a soft ligand while a soft
ligand on a metal encourages the metal to
receive another soft ligand rather than a hard
ligand.
Symbiosis-Explanation:
• A hard ligands prefers to get attached with a
centre which is already linked with hard
ligands. This tendency of ligands is called
symbiosis
Symbiosis-Explanation:
• Soft ligands prefers to get attached with a
centre which is already linked with soft
ligands.
• Formation of BH4− ion by the combination of
BH3 (in which H atoms are soft ligands) and
H− ion (soft ligands).

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