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LDP

Laboratory Data Processing document outlines the three phases of data processing in a clinical laboratory: 1. Pre-analytical phase involves sample collection, identification, and preparation before testing. Errors can occur through improper sample handling or identification. 2. Analytical phase is when samples are tested and results are produced. Errors may occur through instrument malfunctions, reagent mistakes, or human errors during testing. Quality assurance measures like instrument calibration are important. 3. Post-analytical phase involves reviewing and reporting results to clinicians. Errors can include incorrect data entry, transmission errors, or results being sent to the wrong individual. Timely reporting of results is important. Quality assurance in this phase includes identification

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23 views

LDP

Laboratory Data Processing document outlines the three phases of data processing in a clinical laboratory: 1. Pre-analytical phase involves sample collection, identification, and preparation before testing. Errors can occur through improper sample handling or identification. 2. Analytical phase is when samples are tested and results are produced. Errors may occur through instrument malfunctions, reagent mistakes, or human errors during testing. Quality assurance measures like instrument calibration are important. 3. Post-analytical phase involves reviewing and reporting results to clinicians. Errors can include incorrect data entry, transmission errors, or results being sent to the wrong individual. Timely reporting of results is important. Quality assurance in this phase includes identification

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Laboratory Data Processing

Submitted to : Mam Hana-sul-Hanan


Submitted By :
Noor-ul-Eza, Rizwan Maqbool, Kashaf Arshad, Nimra
Fatima, Iffat Akram, Muneeba Ghafar, Afroz Ayaz, Almas
Ch, Natasha Ch, Ayesha Ajmal, Mehreen Arshad,
Anoosha Laiba,
Table of Content
Introduction

Phases of Data Processing


• Pre-analytical (pre-testing phase)
• Analytical (testing phase)
• Post-analytical (post-testing or reporting phase)
Steps of Data Processing
• Completing the request form
• Transmitting the request form to lab
• Labeling the specimen
• Linking the specimen with request form
• Preparing the lab work lists
• Recording raw test results data
• Calculating the results
• Checking the quality of each batch of results
• Linking the results with request form
• Linking latest results with past results
• Editing the report
• Transmitting the report to the appropriate
• Linking the report to the patient’s history
• Storing a copy of the report in the laboratory file
Introduction
Data Processing has been defined in the U.S Bureau of Budget Glossary of Autonomic
terms as :

The preparation of source media which contain data or basic


elements of information, and the handling of such data
according to precise rules of procedure to accomplish such
operations as classifying

• Sorting
• Calculating
• Summarizing
• Recording
Phases of Data Processing
Post-analytical
Pre-analytical  Analytical 
(Post testing /
(pre testing phase) (testing phase)
reporting phase)

• Sample type • Standardization • Result printing


• Sample timing • Operator • Interfacing
• Sample handling competence • Reporting
• Sample • Analysis • Communicating
identification • Quality assurance
Pre-Analytic Phase

The pre-analytical phase is the


phase where the laboratory has
no direct control on the process.

• Pre-analytical factors that


can affect results include:
• sample type
• sampling time,
• sample handling,
patient’s
• preparation and the
nutritional status of the
patient.
Pre-analytical errors
are those which arise before the samples are measured by laboratory professionals. Although most
pre-analytical errors are discovered before the samples reach the lab, if they are not spotted, they can
cause serious problems further down the line.

• Patient Identification
This type of error includes missing or wrong patient information and may arise when a patient is not conscious
at the time the sample is taken, or because the sample is needed very quickly. Patient identification errors may
also be caused by improper or illegible specimen labeling.
• Specimen Collection
Sometimes errors can occur during specimen collection. Specimen collection errors might arise from patient
conditions during collection—such as fragile veins. They can also occur if samples are taken at different points
during the day, or when the patient is receiving laboratory medicines.
• Quality Control
To reduce pre-analytical error rates, all procedures should be standardized and automated whenever possible. By
establishing a standardized system to recognize pre-analytical errors, many of these said errors can be prevented.
Implementing an automated system for identifying, storing, and tracking samples can eliminate errors at the
front end. Doing this also cuts down the labor intensiveness of manual implementation. In this way, once an
error has been detected, the system can be used to reject related samples.
Analytic Phase
The analytical phase begins when the lab prepares a patient specimen for testing, and
culminates in the verification and interpretation of the test results. Advances in
lab automation tools have helped to improve analytical techniques within the lab, provide
superior instrumentation, and decrease error rates.
Laboratory Testing

Human and instrumental errors may be encountered during the analytical phase.
Occasionally random errors may also occur. Errors that skew sample measurement due
to human mistakes or instrumental malfunctions are more common. The following
errors may arise during laboratory testing in the analytical phase

Issues with verification and quality control of performance specs


Collaboration errors
Reagent mistakes
Errors stemming from manual pipetting
Interference from unidentified antibodies
Mathematical errors
Clinician errors in preparation and processing
Mistakes caused by staff fatigue
Quality Assurance

Even with automation in place, analytical quality remains a significant issue. For
example, issues can arise due to inadequate sample preparation or the accidental
presence of substances that can interfere with the accuracy, sensitivity, and precision of
results. To avoid these problems between test ordering and reporting test results,
laboratories should commit to the following protocols:
Implementation Implementation
of manuals of a testing Upkeep of records
defining policy, program for relating to the lab
process, and clinician test environment
procedure menu

Provision of Automation of
clinician training instrument
and competency calibration and
evaluation tracking
Post-analytical Phase
The post-analytical phase is the final stage of the testing process, in which the test
results are reviewed by clinicians. During this phase, the results should also be
promptly released. This is particularly important for critical results and those which are
needed to help medical professionals to make critical health decisions for their patients.
Test Results
Even at the post-analytics phase, errors can still occur. Data entry errors can arise
when results are recorded and stored manually. Post-analytical errors can also occur
during data transmission. In some instances, verbal information may be passed on
incorrectly or misheard. Other common errors with post-analytical test results include:

Delayed
Incorrect turnaround
calculations time for
results

Results
Results are
returned to
not
the wrong
reported
individual
Quality Assurance
To improve and maintain high levels of quality assurance at the post-analytic phase,
clinicians can implement the following preventive measures

Implement a bar code ID system: This not only prevents specimen


misidentification and inaccurate labeling, but it also prevents the results
from going to the wrong doctor or patient.

Utilize automated transmission of reports: Digital transmission of


reports ensures that results are being shared in a timely manner and that
they are being sent to the person who needs them.

Develop a troubleshooting plan: Take note of previous errors or close


calls. Even more importantly, identify the source of the error, whether
human or equipment. Once you have determined what happened, you can
prevent a recurrence.
Establish a standard for result reporting: If you set out clear protocols
for your team of clinicians and it is in line with the healthcare facilities you
are working with, you can reduce errors significantly throughout the total
testing process.
Any question ?

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