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Csci 2011 Discrete Mathematics: Lecture 5 - CH 1.4 Nested Quantifiers

1. The document discusses quantifiers and nested quantifiers in propositional logic. It provides examples of universal and existential quantifiers as well as statements with multiple quantifiers. 2. The order of quantifiers matters as statements like ∃x∀y P(x,y) and ∀x∃y P(x,y) are not equivalent. 3. Negating statements with multiple quantifiers involves changing the quantifier(s) and negating the proposition being quantified.

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20 views

Csci 2011 Discrete Mathematics: Lecture 5 - CH 1.4 Nested Quantifiers

1. The document discusses quantifiers and nested quantifiers in propositional logic. It provides examples of universal and existential quantifiers as well as statements with multiple quantifiers. 2. The order of quantifiers matters as statements like ∃x∀y P(x,y) and ∀x∃y P(x,y) are not equivalent. 3. Negating statements with multiple quantifiers involves changing the quantifier(s) and negating the proposition being quantified.

Uploaded by

samay singh gill
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSci 2011 Discrete Mathematics

Lecture 5 - ch 1.4 Nested Quantifiers


Fall 2008 Yongdae Kim
CSci 2011 Fall 2008

Admin
Assignment 1: due Sep 17th

E-mail
CC TA for all of your e-mails. Put [2011] in front.

CSci 2011 Fall 2008

Recap
Propositional Function P(x) Universal quantifier: x P(x)
for all values of x, P(x) is true

Existential quantifier: x P(x)


there exists (a value of) x such that P(x) is true

You need to specify universe. Every variable has to be bound. Negating quatifiers
x P(x) = x P(x) x P(x) = x P(x)

CSci 2011 Fall 2008

Multiple quantifiers
You can have multiple quantifiers on a statement

xy P(x, y)
For all x, there exists a y such that P(x,y) Example: xy (x+y == 0)

xy P(x,y)
There exists an x such that for all y P(x,y) is true xy (x*y == 0)

CSci 2011 Fall 2006

Order of quantifiers
xy and xy are not equivalent!

xy P(x,y)
P(x,y) = (x+y == 0) is false

xy P(x,y)
P(x,y) = (x+y == 0) is true

CSci 2011 Fall 2006

Negating multiple quantifiers


Recall negation rules for single quantifiers:
x P(x) = x P(x) x P(x) = x P(x) Essentially, you change the quantifier(s), and negate what its quantifying

Examples:
(xy P(x,y)) = x y P(x,y) = xy P(x,y) (xyz P(x,y,z)) = xyz P(x,y,z) = xyz P(x,y,z) = xyz P(x,y,z)

CSci 2011 Fall 2006

Negating multiple quantifiers 2


Consider (xy P(x,y)) = xy P(x,y)
The left side is saying for all x, there exists a y such that P is true To disprove it (negate it), you need to show that there exists an x such that for all y, P is false

Consider (xy P(x,y)) = xy P(x,y)


The left side is saying there exists an x such that for all y, P is true To disprove it (negate it), you need to show that for all x, there exists a y such that P is false

CSci 2011 Fall 2006

Translating between English and quantifiers


The product of two negative integers is positive xy ((x<0) (y<0) (xy > 0)) Why conditional instead of and? The average of two positive integers is positive xy ((x>0) (y>0) ((x+y)/2 > 0)) The difference of two negative integers is not necessarily negative xy ((x<0) (y<0) (|x-y|0)) Why and instead of conditional? The absolute value of the sum of two integers does not exceed the sum of the absolute values of these integers xy (|x+y| |x| + |y|)

CSci 2011 Fall 2006

Translating between English and quantifiers


xy (x+y = y)
There exists an additive identity for all real numbers A non-negative number minus a negative number is greater than zero

xy (((x0) (y<0)) (x-y > 0)) xy (((x0) (y0)) (x-y > 0))
The difference between two non-positive numbers is not necessarily non-positive (i.e. can be positive)

xy (((x0) (y0)) (xy 0))


The product of two non-zero numbers is non-zero if and only if both factors are non-zero

CSci 2011 Fall 2006

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