ELECTRIC MOTORS AND

TRANSFORMERS
CODE : 22418
PROF:- Zadokar .A.A
CHAPTER 4  4.1 Three phase tranformers:
 _The electric power is generally generated in the form of
three phase voltage. The distribution of the electric power
also is three phase.
 _The voltage generation takes place at a very high level
oypically at 13.2 kV or 22 kV or even higher. The transmission
of electricity takes place at voltage level such as 110 kV, 132
kV etc.
 _So it is necessary to use the step up transformers to raise
the voltage levels from 13.2 kV to 132 kV etc. The three phase
transformers are used for the same.
 _Such high voltages cannot be used by the domestic or
industrial users. So the voltages should be stepped down.
Three phase step down transformers are used as
distribution transformers.
4.1.1 Bank of three singal phase tranfomer :

Constrution :
Earlier the three phase transformers were constructed, by combining three single phase transformers as
shown inFig. 4.1.1.

_The three single phase transformers are connected such that the three primary windings are connected in delta or
star.
_Similarly the secondary windings are connected in star or delta as shown in Fig. 4.1.1.
_But such a construction proves to be costly and makes the transformer bulky. Therefore specially made three
phase transformers are being used now a days.
4.1.2 Advantages of Bank of 1 phase transformers.
The advantages of using a bank of single phase transformersare as follows:
1. Reliability is equally good as that of a 3 phase single unit transformer.
2. It is cheaper to carry spare stock of a single phasetransformers.
3. In the underground (mine) applications, the bank of single phase
transformers is preferred due to ease of transport.
4. The bank also gives an advantage of derated open delta operation if one
unit out of three becomes inoperative. Thus if one unit fails the entire
transformer does not become inoperative.
4.1.3 Disadvantages of Bank of 1 PhaseTransformers:
5. The bank of transformers is more costly than a single three phase
transformer unit.
6. It occupies more space.
7. The three phases are electrically connected but the three magnetic circuits
are independent.
Principle of operation:
The principle of operation of a three phase transformer is same as that of a
single phase transfor
4.1.4 The types of transformer :
1)Core types
2)Shell type
1)Core types transformer :
_THE CONSTRUCTION OF CORE TYPE
TRANSFORMER IS SHOWN IN FIG:
_The core of this transformer consists of three limbs. Theprimary
and secondary windings of the three phases are wound on these
limbs.
_ The core consists of only two windows as shown inFig.
4.1.2(a).Fig.
 _4.1.2(b) shows the actual construction of a core type transformer.
Only the primary connections are shown. The three cores are placed
120° apart from each other in space and their empty legs are in
contact with eachother.
_The central leg formed by the three empty legs will carry the flux
produced by the three phase currents IR, ly and IB
_At any instant Ig+ly + 1 = 0 hence the sum of three fluxes produced
by these currents also is zero. So it is possible to even remove the
common leg. This will reduce the size of the core and also its cost.
_Then any two legs will act as the return for the third leg.
 2) Shell type transformer:

The construction of shell type is shown in Fig. 4.1.3.

_

_The construction of three phase shell type transformer is

similar to that of a single phase shell type transformer.
_The main advantages of using 3 phase transformer over a
bank of these single phase transformer are that it occupies less
space for equal rating, less weight, costs about 15% less and it is
a single unit to be handled.
_Three single phase shell type transformers can be combined
together to form a shell type 3-phase transformer as shown in
Fig. 4.1.2(c).
_But some saving of iron can be achieved if we construct a
single three phase transformer as shown in Fig. 4.1.3.
_it is same as the three single phase transformers placed side
by side but saving of iron takes place due to the joint use of
magnetic paths between the coils.
_One drawback of three phase transformers is that if one phase
is disabled due to some reason, then we have to remove the
whole transformer from the service for repairs.
4.1.5 Advantages of Single Unit of 3 PhaseTransformer: 4.1.7 Comparison of the Transformer Bank and the Three
1. It occupies less space Phase Transformer:
2. Less weight
3. Less cost
4. It acts an a singal unit to handle
5. It is highly efficient
4.1.6 disadvanteges of singal uint of 3 phase transformer :
6. If even one phase is disabled, the whole transformer is
required to be removed for repairs.
7. In some underground applications, the 3-phase single unit
transformers are not preferred due to difficulties in their
transformation.
4.2 Three-phase transformer connection :
There are several methods of connecting primaries and
secondaries of three-phase transformer. They are:
8. Star-star or (Y-Y) connection
9. Delta-delta (A-A) connections.
10. Delta-star (A-Y) connections.
11. Star-delta (Y-A) connection.
12. Open delta or (V - V) connection
13. Tee-Tee or Scott connection
-These connections may be step-up or step-down. The
details are as under.
4.3 star-star or (y-y) connection :
_Fig. 4.3.1 shows a star-star connection of primary and secondary
windings. It is also known as a wye-wye (Y-Y) connection.
_Usually, star points of both, primary and secondary areconnected to
neutral.
_However, such a connection is not so commonly used in practice.
_ Both the primary as well as secondary windings are connected in star.
_The phase voltages on primary as well as secondary side is times the
line voltage VL
-The phase shift between the line voltage and phase voltages is 30° on
both primary and secondary sides as shown in the complete phasor
diagram of Fig. 4.3.3. However the line voltages on both sides and the
primary voltages are respectively in phase with each other as shown in
Fig. 4.3.2. So the angular displacement between primary and secondary
is zero as shown in Fig. 4.3.2.
_The star-star connection is most suitable for small high voltage
transformers because the number of turns/phase and the associated
insulation requirement is minimum. This is because the phase voltage is
(1/√3) times the line voltage.
_ For satisfactory operation of Y-Y connection the load has to be
balanced type.
_With unbalanced load, the neutral point gets shifted to make the phase
voltages unequal.
 _The problem of neutral shifting is called as oscillating
neutral, or shifting (floating) neutral. This problem can be
solved by connecting the primary neutral back to the
generator neutral.
_This also eliminates distortions in the secondary
phasevoltages.
_This problem can be avoided by another method in
which a tertiary winding of relatively low kVA rating is
provided. _Fig. 4.3.4 shows the polarity markings of the
three windings when connected in star.
-It shows that the center point of the Y must tie either all
(-) or all (+) winding ends together.

4.3.1 The voltage and current relations:

_ Let VL1 represent the primary line voltage and Vp, be the primary phase voltage. Then the relation between them is as
follows.
Vp1 VLI √3
- Let K be the turns ratio of the transformer. Then the secondary phase voltage is given by,
V ph2 K VPhi=
where, K = N₂/N₁
_The secondary line voltage is given by,
V12 = √3 Vph2 =√3 Vph1 = √3 K- KVLI =...(4.3.1)
4.3.2 Merits of star-star connection :
1. Due to availability of neutral, it is possible to use it for 3 1.phase 4 wire system.
2. 2. 3. The phase shift between primary and secondary is zero.
3. The phase current is equal to line current. So the windings have to carry larger currents. Hence the star-star
connectioncan supply large load currents.
4. The phase voltage is 1/√3 times the line voltage. Hence the number of turns required to wind the primary
and secondary is less. So this connection is an economical one.
4.3.3 Demerits of Star-Star Connection:
5. With an unbalanced load on the secondary, the neutral point gets shifted. This degrades the performance of
the star-star connection. This problem can be solved by connecting the primary neutral to the generator
neutral.
6. 2 Distortion in the secondary voltage can result due to the presence of third harmonic voltage in the
alternator output.4.3.4 
4.3.4 Application:
7. This type of connection is rarely used in practice.
8. 2. It is used only for small high voltage transformers.
4.8.2 Different Vector Groups:
4.10 Open delta or (v-v) connection :
Configuration:
_If we remove any one transformer of a A- A configuration, and a
3-phase supply is connected to the primary windings as shown in
Fig. 4.10.1, then three equal 3-phase voltages are available at the
secondary terminal on no load.
_This connection is called as open delta or V - V connection and it
is used to transform 3 phase power from primary to secondary by
means of only two transformers (because one transformer out of
three has been removed). 
_Open delta connection is used when a 3 phase load is too small
to use a full 3 phase transformer bank.
_It is sometimes used when one of transformer in a ▲ - A bank
becomes faulty. This connection will allow the service to
continue at reduced capacity till the faulty transformer is
repaired.
_The total load that can be carried by the open delta
configuration is not two third (66.67%) of the capacity of A- A
Disadvantages:
configuration but it is only 57.7% of it.
1. The actual power factor at which the open delta
Advantages of open delta connection:
configuration operates, is less than that of the load. It is
1 It uses only two transformers and gives 3 phase power.
86.6 % of the balanced 2. load power factorWith increased
2. In the event of one transformer of A- A bank going faulty, the
load, the secondary terminal voltages tend to become
open delta connection allows the services to continue till the
unbalanced even with the balanced load
repairs are made.
 4.11 Scott Connection 3 Phase to 2 Phase Conversion:
Configuration:
-Some special applications such as 2 phase electric arefurnaces need a 2
phase a.c. supply.
-For such applications, the phase conversion from three to two phases
is needed. The concept is to derive a two phase ac supply from a three
phase ac supply.
-The 3 to 2 phase conversion is illustrated in Fig. 4.11.1(a). The two
phase voltages should be 90° phase shifted with respect to each other.
-Point M is exactly at midway on Vya, as shown inFig. 4.11.1(a). Then
VRM lead Vye by 90° as shown in thephasor diagram of Fig. 4.11.1(b).
-A two phase supply can be obtained by means of transformers. One of
the transformers called teaser transformer is connected across RM and
the other transformer is connected across Y and B lines.
–The voltage relation between these windings is as follows:
VRM= (√3/2) Vyb
-Therefore the number of turns of the primary windings will be as
follows:
√3N,/2...for the teaser
N1...for the second transformer
-This is to ensure equal voltage per turn in each transformer, Both the
secondary windings have equal number of turns, equal to Na.It is
possible to obtain the neutral point N on the primary side as shown in
Fig. 4.11.1(a). This point is located in such a way that the primary
winding of the teaser transformer gets divided in the ratio 1:2.
4.12.1 Selection Criteria for Distribution Transformer (upto and including 1600 kVA) :

1. Ratings:
-The KVA rating should comply withIS: 2026 (Part-1)- 1977.
-No load secondary voltage: 433 Volts.
2. Taps:
Off circuit taps on HV side be provided. Its standard range should be 2.5% and 5.0%
3. Connection symbol:
-The two winding transformers should be connected in Delta/star as per IS: 2026 (Part IV)- 1977.
- The exact connection symbol (Dyn 11 or Dyn 1) should bespecified as per the requirement of parallel operation.
4. Impedance:
-Consideration must be given in the selection of impedance for the standard available ratings of the switch gear on the secondary
side and the voltage drop associated with it.
5. Termination arrangement:
-The HV and LV terminals may be one of the following threetypes depending on the method of installation:
2. Bare outside bushings.
3. Cable boxes.
4. Bus trunking.
-If compound filled cable box is used, then it is necessary to specify disconnecting chamber between transformer terminals and
cable box. This will help transformer disconnection without disturbing the cable connections.
6.Three Phase TransformersCooling:
This type of transformers are generally ONAN, AN or ANAFcooled.
ONAN: Oil Natural, Air Natural
AN: Air Natural
ANAF: Air Natural, Air Forced
 7. Fittings and accessories : -If the transformers need to operate in parallel with each other,
Some of the important fittings and accessories are as follows: then their voltage ratios should be adjusted as per the guidelines
An oil filled transformer must have the following fittings: given in IS: 10028 (Part-11)-1981.
(a) Oil conservator with oil level indicator. 2 Taps:
(b) Off circuit type tap changer. -On load tap changers on the H. V. side should be specified.For
(c) Thermometer packet with plug. on load tap changer there should be 16 taps in steps ofSr.
(d) Lifting lugs. No.1.25 percent.
(e) Rating diagram and terminal marking plate. -If the oil circuit taps are to be specified, they should be in the
(f) Explosion vent. range of ± 2.5% and ± 5% and should be provided on the H.V.
(g) Additional neutral. side of the transformer.
(h) 2 earth terminals for body earthing. 3. Connection symbol:
(i) Valves for filtering, drainage and filling etc. -For two winding power transformers upto 66 kV high voltage
(j) Radiator assembly. side (HV) rating, the most preferred connections are delta/star
(k) Silica gel breather. (Dyn) and star/star (YNyn).
(l) Alarm and trip contacts for oil temperature indicator. -If the voltage rating is higher, then the star/star (YNyn)
(m) Winding temperature indicator. andstar/delta (YNd) connections should be preferred.
(n) Gas actuated relay. -The selection of group is made on the basis of requirements of
12.2 Criteria for Selection of Power parallel operation with other transformers.
Transformers(Above 1600 kVA) : 4. Impedance:
The selection criteria of a power transformer as per IS: 10028 The value of transformer impedance is decided byconsidering
(Part-1)-1985 are as follows: the secondary fault levels and the associated voltage dips. We
1. Ratings: have to use IS: 2026 (Part 1) 1977 for deciding the precise value of
-The no load secondary voltage should be specified 5 percent transformer impedance. If the transformer is to be operated in
above the nominal voltage in order to partially compensate for parallel then theimpedance be selected as per the guidelines
the regulation of transformer. given inIS: 10028 (Part-II)-1981.
5Termination arrangement: 7.Fittings and accessories :
-The HV and LV terminals may be one of the following three All the fittings and accessories mentioned for the
types depending on the method of installation: distributiondtransformer are required for the power
1. Bare outside bushings. transformers as well. Some of the additional fittings and
2. Cable boxes. accessories are asfollows:
3. Bus trunking. (a) Skids and hauling lags.
-If compound filled cable box is used, then it is necessary to (b) Magnetic oil gauge with low level alarm contacts.
specify disconnecting chamber between transformer terminals (c) Rollers (bidirectional is required.
and cable box. This will help transformer disconnection (d) Winding temperature indicator with electrical contacts for
without disturbing the cable connections. alarm/trip and controlling fans and pumps.
-The types of bushings that should be specified as per the (e) Explosion vent.
voltage ratings of power transformer are as follows. (f) Gas and oil actuated relay with alarm and trip contacts.
4. Upto 33 kV: Porcelain bushings (g) Oil temperature indicator with alarm and trip contacts.
5. 66 kV and above: Oil filled condenser type bushings. (h) Accessories for cooling arrangemen
6.Cooling:
The type of cooling used depends on the power rating as well
as the voltage rating of the power transformer as illustrated
below.
4.13.1 Comparison of Power Transformer
andDistribution Transformer:
4.16 Parallel Operation of Three Phase Transformers:
-The transformers (single phase or three phase) are
connected in parallel, in order to supply load that is
higher than the rating of one transformer.
-The primary windings of both the transformers that
are beingoperated in parallel are connected to the
supply bus bars and the secondary windings are
connected to the load.
- The terminals of same polarity should be connected
to each other.
Conditions to be satisfied:
-Following conditions should be satisfied in order to
avoid any local circulating currents and to ensure that
the transformers share the common load in proportion
to their KVA rating:
1. Primary windings should be suitable in terms of
voltageand frequency.
2. Transformer windings should be connected
properly as far as the polarity is concerned.
3. The voltage ratings of both primaries and
secondariesshould be identical.
4. The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude and have the same X/R ratio so as to avoid circulating currents
and operation at different power factors.
5. The voltage ratio must refer to the terminal voltage ofprimary and secondary.
6. The phase displacement between primary and secondary voltages must be same for all transformers operated in parallel.
7.The phase sequence must be the same.
8. All the parallely connected transformers should have the same construction either core or shell.
9. If the transformers are having different kVA ratings, the equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the
individual kVA ratings in order to avoid circulating currents.
4,17.2 Measurement of Voltage Ratio and Check of Voltage:
Vector relationship (Polarity test and phasing-out test):
-In substations generally more than one transformers operatein parallel to share the load on substation.
-When any transformer has to be connected in parallel to the existing transformer or a transformer is to be recommissioned
after repairs it is necessary to know its polarity, voltage ratio and phase grouping. For fulfilment of these conditions following
tests are carried out.
(a) Voltage ratio test:
1. Direct measurement:
-This test is suitable for low capacity, low voltage transformers. A sensitive of accurate voltmeter is used for measuring the
secondary and primary voltages of a transformer. Voltage ratio V₂/V, is calculated.
2. Measurement by ratio-meter:
-The ratiometer is simply a potential divider.
- As shown in Fig. 4.17.1 it is connected to the same supply to which transformer primary winding is connected.
- The sliding arm of ratio meter is adjusted such that theammeter reads zero.
- At this point the voltage across the secondary winding of transformer and voltage across a part of ratiometer connected to
secondary winding is equal in magnitude and opposite in phase, so net voltage is zero and ammeter reads zero.
The ratiometer reads directly the voltage ratio of the(J-
934) Fig. 4.17.1transformer.
3. Standard transformer:
-The voltage ratio can be found out by reference to a
standard transformer of same nominal ratio. As shown in 4.Turn-testing method:
Fig. 4.17.2 the H.V. sides of both transformers are -This method is suitable for very high voltage ratio
connected across the same supply. transformers.
-A voltmeter is connected as shown which reads the -In this method the turns of L.V. and H.V. side of transformer
voltage difference if any between the two L.V. windings. are measured. By knowing the number of turns voltage ratio.
-If the voltmeter reads zero it means that the voltage ratio of - The arrangement is shown in Fig. 4.17.3. Uniformly
transformer under test and the standard transformer is same. distributed coils (C, to C) are wound on a "U" shaped
electromagnet and are connected across 16 a.c. supply
obtained from a separate transformer. These coils produce
uniform alternating flux in the core of the magnet.
- One standard coil having tappings on its turns is placed in
one limb as shown. At the top of this coil, the coil of
transformer (whose turns are to be measured) is placed.
The alternating flux produced due to uniformly distributed
coils induces emfs in these two coils.
- The connections of standard coil and coil under test
(transformer coil) are made such that their emfs act in
opposite direction.
- The galvanometer and variable resistance are connected as
shown. The top yoke is placed on magnet to complete the
magnetic circuit.
- Now the tappings are varied in such a way that the
galvanometer indicates nullpoint.
- At this point the emfs of both coils are same and hence
number of turns of transformer coil under test and number
of turns (adjusted) of standard coil are same (since emf is
proportional to number of turns). The similar procedure is
repeated for 2nd coil of transformer and
voltage ratio is found.
4.18 Harmonics and their Effects on Transformers:
4.18.1 Harmonics :
harmonic is defined as the signal or wave with a frequency that is an integral multiple of some other reference wave
of frequency “f.
-Thus the harmonic component can have a frequency of 26, 36,4f,... etc. These are known as the second harmonic (2f),
thirdharmonic (31), fourth harmonic (41)...etc.
-In case of a transformer supplying a non-linear load, the supply current will contain the fundamental component at f= 50 Hz and
multiple harmonic components at frequencies 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 200 Hz... etc.
-The examples of nonlinear loads are as follows:
1. Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS).
2. Variable frequency ac motor drives.
3. Electronic ballasts.
4.  Arc furnaces.