Microphone

1) Electro dynamic Microphone:

Construction And working
It works on the principal of electromagnetic induction.
It consist of a diaphragm suspended in front of magnet to
which a coil of wire is attached.
The coil is positioned in static magnetic field generated
by permanent magnet.
As the sound waves hit the microphone the vibration
produced in the diaphragm which is transferred to the
coil.
The movement of the coil in the magnetic field induces a
signal voltage which is proportional to the incident
sound.
Carbon Microphone
Construction And working
Carbon microphones work by changing the contact
resistance between carbon particles.
The carbon microphone is composed of a contact disk
filled with carbon particles.
the carbon particles, which produces a periodic change
in resistance between the contact disk.
Change in resistance changes the output voltage.
Humidity Measuring Instrument
A) Hygrometer 1) Hair Hygrometer
Construction And working
Certain hygroscopic materials such as human hair, animal
membranes, wood, paper, etc., undergo changes in linear
dimensions when they absorb moisture from their
surrounding air.
This change in linear dimension is used as the
measurement of humidity present in air.
Human hair is used as the humidity sensor.
The hair arrangement absorbs the humidity from the
surrounding air and expands or contracts in the linear
direction.
This expansion or contraction of the hair arrangement
moves the arm & link and thus the pointer to a suitable
position on the calibrated scale and thus indicating the
humidity present in the air.
B)Psychrometer 1)Sling Psychrometer
Psychrometer is a device which measures the humidity
content in atmosphere by using two thermometers called
wet bulb thermometer and dry bulb thermometer.

Construction And working
One mercury in glass thermometer whose sensing bulb
directly contact the air and to measure the temperature
which is called as the dry-bulb temperature.
Another mercury in glass thermometer whose sensing
bulb is covered with a cotton or wick the temperature
indicated by this thermometer is called as the wet bulb-
thermometer.
The thermometer whose bulb is bare contacts the air
indicates the dry bulb temperature.
At the same time, the thermometer whose bulb is covered
with the wet wick comes in contact with the air the
moisture present in the wick starts evaporating and a
cooling effect is produced at bulb. Now the temperature
indicated by the thermometer is naturally be lesser than
the dry bulb temperature.
Application of Sling Psychrometer
It is used for checking humidity level in air-conditioned
rooms and installations.
It is used to set and check hair hygrometer.
It is used in the measurement range of 0 to 100% RH.
It is used for measuring wet bulb temperature between
0’C to 180’C.
Speed Measurement
Revolution counter
Revolution counter is used to measure an average of
rational speed instead of instantaneous rotational
speed.
It consists of a worm gear that is usually attached to a
spindle. It has two dials, an inner one and an outer
one.
 The inner dials represent one revolution of the outer
dials and the outer dials represent on revolution of the
spindle.
The tachometer has a stopwatch attached to the
revolution counter and is used to indicated time.
These are limited to low speed engines and measure
satisfactory upto 2000-3000r.p.m.
2)Slipping clutch Tachometer
Construction And working
It uses mechanical arrangement for the measurement of
speed.
A rotating shaft whose speed is to be measured is used
connected to indicator shaft with the help of slipping
clutch.
A friction material is used to avoid metal contact.
During the engagement of clutch the shaft speed is
transferred to indicator shaft and spring assembly
attached to it.
The torque on the spring is calibrated in terms of speed
which is shown by pointer moving on scale.
Electrical Tachometer
1) Eddy current tachometer
Construction And working
A non magnetic cup made up of aluminum kept near to
the magnet and it is connected to pointer through spring.
A magnet and a steel cup rotate with shaft whose speed is
to be measured.
A eddy current induced in to the aluminum cup so it
deflects proportional to induced emf.
The emf induced is proportional to the speed of the shaft.
The speed is shown by a pointer on a dial scale.
2) Magnetic Pulse Counting Methods Or
Variable Reluctance Tachometer
Construction And working
It consist of a toothed rotor mounted on the shaft whose
speed is measured.
A permanent magnet is placed near the toothed wheel
which is made of Ferro magnetic material which causes
variation of flux in the magnetic circuit due to change in
air gap.
The variation of flux produce an emf in the pickup coil ,
this is in the form of pulses.
The output of the instrument is fed to a pulse counter
and display the number of counts per second.
Speed n = Pulse/second speed
 Number of teeth
3) Photoelectric Tachometer
Construction And working
It consist of an opaque disc mounted on rotating shaft
whose speed is to be measured.
The disc has no of equidistant holes on it’s periphery.
At the one side of disc a light source is placed and at
other side a light sensor is placed in line with disc and
light source.
When the disc portion is present in between light source
and light sensor no output pulse is produced , but when
hole appears light falling on sensor and output pulse
produces.
The pulse rate can be measured by electronic counter
which is in terms of speed in rpm.
4) Inductive Pick up tachometer
 Construction And working
Various pick-up devices can be used in conjunction with
a digital counter to give a direct reading of speed.
As the individual teeth pass the coil they induce an
e.m.f. pulse which is appropriately modified and then fed
to a digital counter.
Construction of inductive pick up is same as that of
magnetic pick up .
Speed n = Pulse/second speed
 Number of teeth
5) Capacitive pick up
Construction And working
For measurement of rotational speed vane attached to
one end of the shaft whose speed is to be measured.
A vane is placed between to capacitor plate where one
plate is fixed and another is moving.
When shaft rotates between the capacitive plate the
capacitance of plate change.
1) For linear response capacitance is directly
proportional to area of plate .the area changes linearly
with displacement and also the capacitance.
2) For non linear response capacitance varies inversely
with distance between plate.
6) Stroboscope
The instrument operates on the principle that if a
repeating event is only viewed when at one particular
point in it’s cycle it appears to be stationary. A mark is
made on rotating shaft, and a flashing light is subjected
on the shaft. The frequency of the flashing is one very
short flash per revolution.
 To determine the shaft speed we increases the frequency
of flashing gradually from small value until the rotating
shaft appears to be stationary, then note the frequency.
The frequency then doubled, if there is still one apparent
stationary image, the frequency is again doubled. This
continued until two images appear 180 degrees apart.
Thank
you !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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