TYPES OF BUSES

MR. P. P. SHETTI
CPU components
The central processing unit (CPU) consists of six
main components:
 control unit (CU)
 arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
 registers
 cache
 buses
 clock
All the components work together to allow processing
and system control.
CPU components
Control unit (CU)
The CU provides several functions:
 it fetches, decodes and executes instructions
 it issues control signals that
control hardware components within the CPU
 it transfers data and instructions around the system
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
The ALU has two main functions:
 it performs arithmetic and logical operations (decisions).
 it acts as a gateway between primary
storage and secondary storage - data transferred between
them passes through the ALU.
Registers
Registers are small amounts of high-speed memory contained within
the CPU. They are used by the processor to store small amounts of
data that are needed during processing, such as:
 the address of the next instruction to be executed
 the current instruction being decoded
 the results of calculations
Different processors have different numbers of registers for different
purposes. Most have some, or all, of the following:
 program counter (PC)
 memory address register (MAR)
 memory data register (MDR)
 current instruction register (CIR)
 accumulator (ACC)
Cache
 Cache is a small amount of high-speed random access
memory (RAM) built directly within the processor. It is
used to temporarily hold data and instructions that the
processor is likely to reuse. This allows for faster
processing, as the processor does not have to wait for the
data and instructions to be fetched from the RAM.
Clock
 The CPU contains a clock which, along with the CU, is used to
coordinate all of the computer's components. The clock sends
out a regular electrical pulse which synchronises (keeps in time)
all the components.
 The frequency of the pulses is known as clock speed. Clock
speed is measured in hertz (Hz). The greater the speed, the
more instructions can be performed in any given moment of
time.
 In the 1980s, processors commonly ran at a rate of between
3 megahertz (MHz) and 5 MHz, which is 3 million to 5 million
pulses or cycles per second. Today, processors commonly run at
a rate of between 3 gigahertz (GHz) and 5 GHz, which is 3
billion to 5 billion pulses or cycles per second.
Buses
 A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used
to send control signals and data between the processor and
other components.
 Three types of buses are used.
1. Address bus
2. Data bus
3. Control Bus
Address bus
 For a device (memory or I/O) to be recognized by CPU, it
must be assigned an unique address.
 The CPU puts the address on the address bus, and
decoding circuitry finds the device.
 Address bus is unidirectional bus.
 The number of locations is always to 2^x, where x is the
number of address lines.
 i.e. 16 address lines provides 2^16=65536 bytes of
addressable memory
Data bus
 The CPU uses data bus either to get data from the device
or to send data to device (memory or I/O)
 The average size of data buses varies between 8 to 64
Control bus
 The control bus is used by CPU to provide read or write
signals to the device
 It indicates the device if the CPU is asking for information
or sending the information
Thank You!