FEELINGS AND VALUES

GROUP 3

DURBAN, BEA J.

AVILLA, DELFIN III C.

ROXAS, MAY-AN D.

FRANCO, MARIENEL S.

FERNANDEZ, JOEBERT JR. G.

GALON, JUSTINE ERNEST B.

MONTEDERAMOS, REGIE C.

LARA, JOSEPH L.

FELIPE, ALBHECE A.
 INTRODUCTION
The concepts of feelings and values are
central in explaining morality.
Philosophers who study ethics seek to
discover the feelings and values that
underlie moral behavior – such as in
making moral judgements or decisions.
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected
to:

1. Define feelings;

2. Describe the Filipino hierarchy of values; and

3. Discuss the importance of feelings and values in

ethics.
I. STUDY ME

• Immanuel Kant – Is one of the first

philosophers who explored the nature
of feelings and attempted to explain
the relationship between feelings and
morality. According to his theory of
moral feeling, when people make
moral decisions, feelings come into
play, organizing them into
inclinations, affects , passions, and
desires.
• Moral Feeling – According to Kant, Moral Feeling
defines as “the susceptibility to feel pleasure or
displeasure merely from being aware that actions are
consistent or contrary to the law of duty.”
• Values – determines behaviors. They influence
decision-making. Major influences in values formation
are one’s family, peers, education, and the media.
• Axiology – is the study of values. Generally, values are
things considered important in life. Values are beliefs
that influence people’s behaviors and decision-making.
● Max Scheler – was a German philosopher
known for his work in phenomenology,
ethics, and philosophical anthropology. For
Scheler, values are the international objects
of feelings, qualities given originally in the
“feeling of something”.

● Thomas Quintin Donato Andres – he

arranged Filipino values in a hierarchy, from
the basic level at the bottom to the higher
level of values at the top.
Thomas Andres’ Hierarchy of Filipino Values

Self-

estee
Social Mobility
m
Social Acceptance
Dept of Gratitude
Closeness in the Family
• Closeness in the Family – The basic and most important unit in Philippine
society is the family, Filipinos emphasize the importance of close family ties
which remain even throughout adulthood.

• Debt of Gratitude – This value called utang na loob in Filipino reflects the
value of reciprocity among Filipinos. It refers to the value in which one
remembers the favor other people has given to him on her and for him or her to
return it in some form or another in the future.

• Social Acceptance – Among Filipinos, social approval, social acceptance, and

the sense of the belongingness are essential to enable theme to function in
society.

• Social Mobility – Filipinos work hard for the comfort of their families. Some
Filipinos even opt to work abroad even as domestic helpers just so they can
provide for their loved ones.

• Self- esteem – This is the value of the highest level among Filipinos. It refers to
the high regard for amor proprio (self- esteem) or the strong desire to be
respected.
DUTY AND
AGENCY
INTRODUCTION
Deontology is a moral theory that examines
actions, whether or not they are done because
of duty. Its main proponent is Immanuel Kant,
who wrote Groundwork towards a Metaphysics
of Morals (1785). Kant argued that rational will
is the capacity to act according to principles
that we determine for ourselves.
● Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German
enlightenment philosopher who is credited with
heralding the Copernican Revolution in
Philosophy. He proposed the heliocentric model
of the universe in his book De Revolutionibus
Orbium Coelestium, which was a major event in
the history of ideas. He developed revolutionary
insights concerning the human mind and the
conditions for the possibilty of knowledge. His
primary text, Groundwork towards a
Metaphysics of Morals, is revolutionary in its
ambition to develop the "supreme principle of
morality". This principle is supposedly supreme
because it becomes binding for all creatures that
have that faculty, making the binding force of
obligation universal. Kant has become a key
thinker in moral reflection.
● Animals and humans are two distinct organisms,
with animals being sentient organisms due to
their ability to perceive and navigate their
external environment using their sense
apparatus. Humans, on the other hand, are not
considered sentient as they interact with their
surroundings and maintain their senses. Both
animals and humans interact with and navigate
the world, reacting to external stimuli and
internal impulses.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MERE
SENTIENCE AND HUMAN
RATIONALITY
● Sentience - refers to an organism ability
to perceive and navigate its external
environment using its corresponding
sense apparatus

● Rationality - Consists of the mental

faculty to construct ideas and thoughts
that are beyond our immediate
surroundings.
● Right now, for example, you may feel lethargic. Your
head feels heavy and your eyes are droopy. The
corresponding impulse is close to your eyes and then
fall asleep. However your rational will demands
something else. Perhaps you have to study so hard
for the oral recitation tomorrow. That oral recitation
is part of the big picture, that is, your formation as a
student to earn a grade. So you struggle to stay
awake; you stand up briefly to stretch your legs. In
philosophical discussions about human freedom, this
capacity is called "agency", which is the ability of a
person to act based on her/his intentions and
rational deliberation.
● The moment he discovered that trent left his
suitcase in the taxi cab, we suppose that Reggie
responded to that scenario according to his rational
will - I will have to return this suitcase. He
determined that it was his duty to return it in as
much as his rational had conceived of such a duty.
His conception of duty may have come from what we
previously called a "first construction" of a world. In
that first construction, Reggie imagined a world in
which it is right to return lost property to their
rightful owners, no matter how tempting it is to
keep it for oneself.
● Hence, to act according to a duty is a specifically
human experience, which we call agency. And we
understand that agency arises from rational will.
Animals, if it is true that they do not possess the
faculty of rational will, cannot conceived of having
duties. This is the starting point of deontology. We
may claim that as long as we have rationality, the
tension between our base impulses and our
rational will shall often arise. This tension bring
about our experience of duty, that we are obligated
to act in a way that conforms to our rational will.
AUTONOMY
INTRODUCTI
ON
Autonomy, on this understanding, involves
not only being able to make decisions on
the basis of one’s own desires and values,
but also being able to act in accordance
with those decisions ( or to otherwise have
those decisions realized) in some minimal
sense.
IMMANUEL KANT

• Immanuel Kant was a German

philosopher and one of the
foremost thinkers of the
Enlightenment. His
comprehensive and systematic
work in epistemology (the theory of
knowledge), ethics, and aesthetics
greatly influenced all subsequent
philosophy, especially the various
school of Kantianism and
idealism.
For Kant, autonomy stood for the
ideal of free will: a human will be
drive to action, not by appetite or
desire, but identification with a
.

“higher” or rational self.

• Kant claims that the property of the rational will
is autonomy which is the opposite of heteronomy.
Autos, Heteros, and Nomes these three Greek
words mean “self”, “love”, and “law”.

• Autos and nomos = Autonomy

• Heteros and nomos = Heteronomy

• Crudely stated, autonomy means self- law (or self-

legislating) and heteronomy means other- law.
• The will is, thus, not only subject to the law , but it
is also subject to the law in such a way that it gives
the law to itself (self-legislating).

• When we think of someone being “subject” to the

“law”, we usually think of an imposing authority
figure that uses his power to control the subject
into complying with his will.

• Surprisingly though, Kant states that the will must

“ give the law itself”. Therefore, the will is at the
same time the authority figure ging the law to itself.
EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL
AUTHORSHIP OF THE LAW
● External Authorship- the will is subjected to an external
authority. It is a HETERONOMOUS WILL.

● Someone who imposes the law to someone that enacts it.

● Someone that legislate the law or principle to other people by
using threat or incentives.

● Example:
● -A mother tells her boy named Ryan to brush his teeth or else
it will rot. (Threat)

● - A Father tells his daughter named Liza to brush her teeth so

that she can play after. (Incentives)
● Internal Authorship- The will is the author itself.
Imposing the law unto itself. It is AUTONOMOUS
WILL.

● Enacts the law/principle by itself. Self- legislating

or acts of legislating a principle.

● Example: 25-year old Ryan and Liza who brush

their teeth before going to bed without any
prompting to their parents. Their showed the
adoption of their childhood law about
toothbrushing.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RATIONAL
WILL AND ANIMAL IMPULSE BY KANT :
:

● Free choice / Rational will- the choice

that can be determined by pure reason.

● Animal impulse/ choice- determinable

by inclination (sensible impulse,
stimulus).
• Sensible impulses are bodily and
emotional, and are caused by Bodily
instincts and desires. Emotions and
sentiments also make up sensible
impulses, such as jealousy and rage.
Kant calls this set of actions animal
choice or arbitrium brutum.
• Kant argues that human freedom resides in the
capacity of reason to intervene, to "meditate" within
arbitrium brutum. This capacity allows a person to
break the immediacy of stimulus and reaction by
stopping to deliberate and assess possible
alternative actions. For example, a jealous partner
and raging basketball player can construct a
meaningful, rational response by opening up with
their partner and telling the guarding opponent to
take it easy. This example does not imply that people
are not affected by sensible impulses, but rather that
human choice can be affected but is not determined
by sensible impulses.
• Human beings are not only animals,
but also rational beings with two
possible causes over actions:
sensible impulses and the faculty of
reason.
• Heteronomy of the will occurs when any foreign
impulse whether it is external (as in other
persons or institutions that impose their will on
the agent) or sensible ( as in bodily instinct or
base emotions) is what compels a person to act .
In contrast,

• Autonomy is the property of the will in those

instances when pure reason is the cause of the
action.
THANK YOU!