SONET/SDH –

SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Network. SONET is a communication protocol, developed by Bellcore –
that is used to transmit a large amount of data over relatively large distances using optical fibre. With SONET,
multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over the optical fibre.
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) networks can carry voice, video, and data simultaneously and are often
used by telecommunications providers to provide the underlying transport mechanism for
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking in internal telco and long-distance carrier networks. SONET
can also be used as the underlying transport for Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI),
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and Switched Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS) communication.

• Key Points:
• Developed by Bellcore
• Used in North America
• Standardized by ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
• Similar to SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) which is used in Europe and Japan.
Synchronous –
All system clocks are synchronized with a master clock . All clock may be out of phase but run at same frequency .
Plesiochronous –
All system clock run at the same time frequency with a defined precision.

Aschronoyous –
system clock are not synchronized . Tx and Rx have independent clock .
• Multiplex electrical signal (digital signal ) from different source and creates optical carrier.
• USA, Canada and Japan developed T1 standard
• ANSI developed SONET
• The rest of the world use a primary rate E1
• ITU-T developed SDH

Why use SONET/SDH

• Standard MUX format
• Optical standard utilize max. bandwidth of optical network
• Easy administration and OAM (VC or VT level monitoring is possible )
• To reduce the complexity of PDH
• To accommodate existing signal structure
• To create space for future demands
SONET data rate -
• STS- 1 (synchronous transport signal )
Data rate STS-1 SPE = synchronous payload envelope
90*9*8*8000 = 51840000 86*9*8*8000 = 49536000
= 51.84 Mb = 49.53Mb

Speed of SONET = 8000frame/sec 1Byte=8bit

Size of 1 frame = 90*9*8 =6480 bit
G

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Path layer:
• It is responsible for the movement of signal from optical source (STS multiplexer) to optical destination (STS
demux. Path overhead are added here and make SPE .
• Data identification inside the SPE (ATM,IP or etc)
• Path status checking
• Multi frame indication if data is not fit in one frame
• Path end to end verification
• Some bytes reserved for future use

Line layer:
• Line layer is responsible for the movement signal b/w mux, demux and ADM. line overhead are added here .
• Error checking over a line
• operation, Administration and maintenance signal over a line
• Order wire comm. Over a line level
• Automatic protection switching
• Some bytes reserved for future use
Section layer :
• It is responsible for the movement b/w every section /device . Section overhead are added here
• Alignment, framing and synchronization
• Error checking over a section
• Frame identification
• Operation, administration, and maintenance signaling over a section
• Order wire comm. Over section level

Photonic layer:
• It is the identical to the physical layer of OSI model
• g
SONET network element –
Regenerator:
It is used to extend the SONET range link. It converts OC into electrical signal , amplify and reconvert it into OC.
SDH –
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a standard technology for synchronous data transmission on optical media. It
is the international equivalent of Synchronous Optical Network. Both technologies provide faster and less
expensive network interconnection than traditional PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) equipment.

SDH uses the following Synchronous Transport Modules (STM) and rates: STM-1 (155 megabits per second), STM-4
(622 Mbps), STM-16 (2.5 gigabits per second), and STM-64 (10 Gbps).

ITU developed SDH

SDH used Europe , Japan and rest of the world
Speed of SDH = 8000 frame/sec
• 270 column
• 9 row
• Row by row transmission
• Time period 125µs
• Each byte represent 64Kbps
• Total byte=270*9=2430
• Each byte=08 bits
• Total bits =2430*8=19440
• Frame frequency=8000
• Time period =1/8000=125µs
• Data rate of one byte=8*8000
=64Kbps
• Data rate of frame
=19440* 8000=155Mb
Data rate STM-1 SPE (synchronous payload envelope)
9*270*8*8000 9*260*8*8000
=155.520Mbps = 149.760Mbps
• Section overhead :
Overhead basically same job everywhere (mang., control, alarm etc) in SDH network,
Overhead are coupled with network architecture to simplify the task

Regenerator section overhead (RSOH)

Pointer (AU-PTR)

It indicates the first byte of virtual container . Its function become important in case of asynchronous case.
Multiplex section overhead (MSOH)
Regenerator :
it regenerates the attenuated signal

Terminal mux or path terminal element (PTE)

It is end point device . It combines the lower level of signals into STM-N signal

ADD/DROP MUX
in ring setup, it perform the add and drop of multiple level of signals

Digital Cross Connect (DXX)

it perform switching function for various series of containers
Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one signal, over a shared medium.
If the analog signals are multiplexed, then it is called as analog multiplexing. Similarly, if the
digital signals are multiplexed, then it is called as digital multiplexing
Multiplexing was first developed in telephony. A number of signals were combined to send
through a single cable. The process of multiplexing divides a communication channel into
several number of logical channels, allotting each one for a different message signal or a data
stream to be transferred. The device that does multiplexing can be called as Multiplexer or
MUX.

Mux – it is a device that contain multiple signal into one signal

Demux – it is a device that perform reverse task from the mux
Analog mux
The signals used in analog multiplexing techniques are analog in nature. The analog signals are multiplexed
according to their frequency (FDM) or wavelength (WDM).
FDM –
• In analog multiplexing, the most used technique is Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). This technique uses
various frequencies to combine streams of data, for sending them on a communication medium, as a single
signal.
• Example − A traditional television transmitter, which sends a number of channels through a single cable uses
FDM.
WDM
• Wavelength Division multiplexing (WDM) is an analog technique, in which many data streams of different
wavelengths are transmitted in the light spectrum. If the wavelength increases, the frequency of the signal
decreases. A prism, which can turn different wavelengths into a single line, can be used at the output of MUX
and input of DEMUX.
• Example − Optical fiber communications use WDM technique, to merge different wavelengths into a single light
for communication.
• Digital Multiplexing
• The term digital represents the discrete bits of information. Hence, the available data is in the form of frames or
packets, which are discrete.
TDM
• In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), the time frame is divided into slots. This technique is used to transmit a
signal over a single communication channel, by allotting one slot for each message.
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) can be classified into Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM
Example – SDH , cellular network, ATM
• Synchronous TDM
• 1. In synchronous TDM, each device is given same time slot to transmit the data over the link, irrespective of the
fact that the device has any data to transmit or not. Hence the name Synchronous TDM. Synchronous TDM
requires that the total speed of various input lines should not exceed the capacity of path.
• 2. Each device places its data onto the link when its time slot arrives i.e. each device is given the possession of
line turn by turn.
• 3. If any device does not have data to send then its time slot remains empty.
• 4. The various time slots are organized into frames and each frame consists of one or more time slots dedicated
to each sending device.
• 5. If there are n sending devices, there will be n slots in frame i.e. one slot for each device.
• Asynchronous TDM 
In Asynchronous TDM, the sampling rate is different for each of the signals and a common clock is not required. If
the allotted device for a time slot transmits nothing and sits idle, then that slot can be allotted to another
device, unlike synchronous               
• CDM – (code division mux)
• It is a mathematical technique. It doesn’t use the physical properties of the signal. Every signal is assigned with a
code to identify it.
• When CDM is used to allow multiple users to share a single communications channel, the technology is called
code division multiple access (CDMA).
• Multiple data signals can be transmitted over a single frequency by using Code Division Multiplexing. FDM
divides the frequency in smaller channels but CDM allows its users to full bandwidth and transmit signals all the
time using a unique code. CDM uses orthogonal codes to spread signals.
• Each station is assigned with a unique code, called chip. Signals travel with these codes independently, inside the
whole bandwidth. The receiver knows in advance the chip code signal it has to receive.
DWDM – (Dense wavelength division mux)
PCM/SONET/SDH
• PCM/SONET/SDH system are TDM based system
• PCM produced electrical signal
• SONET/SDH produced optical signal

Why not SDH/SONET

• Due to electronic issue
• Due to dispersion problem
• Due to optical detection circuitry
• Transmission over 40 Gbps is more affected by dispersion
• High transmission power required for high bit data transmission
• Polarization mode dispersion affects the limits of a light pulse travel without degradation
• Maximum speed rate of SONET/SDH 40Gbps.
• DWDM
Why WDM

Increase the number of a wavelength on a fiber

WDM technique increase the capacity of signal carrying medium. WDM frequency assign diff.
frequency/wavelength value to incoming signal .
These signals are multiplexed on a signal sharing medium . SONET/SDH uses TDM technique and transmitted data in
the form single wavelength but DWDM transmit different wavelength for every signal

Evolution of DWDM
• Today 160+ channel use DWDM
• 1 channel carry 10G
=160*10
=1600Gbps or divide by 8
=200GBPS
DWDM characteristics
• Cost effectiveness
• Multiple protocol support / transparency : it is a physical layer protocol, it supports all type of data packet
• Scalability
• Reliability

Dispersion :
Why DWDM
• DWDM is a multi-channel transmission.
• Capacity up-gradation
• Compatible with old transmission just more and more optical transmitter

NOTE-: if we go for data up-gradation in TDM, we need to more work in time slots allocation which is more
complexed and will increase its cost . In long distance comm. High data rate optical signal re-generation is more
complex task
We can route data in DWDM by using its wavelength as its routing identification . SDH is a TDM based system .
DWDM terminal can carry upto 80 wavelength of OC-48 (2.5G) or 40 wavelength of oc-192 (10G) . Total capacity
is
200GBPS and 400GBPS respectively.
System with 128 and 160 wavelength mux are operational today
WDM
It enable bi-directional comm. Over a single fiber and multiply its comm. rate
• DWDM MUX
• DWDM ITU Channels Overview
• ITU G.694.1 standard DWDM region is from 1528.77nm to 1563.86nm that resides mostly within the C band.
DWDM can have 100GHz (0.8nm) wavelength spacing for 40 channels, or 50GHz (0.4nm) spacing for 80
channels. The complete channel grid for 100GHz DWDM is shown below.
• DWDM Mux/Demux Solution
• DWDM is used in long haul networks to help alleviate fiber exhaustion and the costs involved in running new
fiber. Each DWDM channel can transport up to 100G, and distances over 1000 kilometers can be achieved with
the use of optical amplifiers.
•
CWDM and DWDM
WDM is the technique of data transmission by splitting and combining multiple wavelength of
light
 Coarse WDM
 Dense WDM
Are two product of WDM but with diff. characteristics
• CWDM ITU Channels Overview
• ITU-T G.694.2 defines 18 wavelengths for CWDM transport ranging from 1270 to 1610 nm, spaced at 20 nm
apart. The complete CWDM grid is shown below. Each CWDM channel is transparent to the speed and type of
data, meaning that any mix of SAN, WAN, voice and video services can be transported simultaneously over a
single fiber or fiber pair.
CWDM transceivers are available with all 18 CWDM wavelengths, including CWDM SFP, CWDM SFP+, CWDM XFP
and 3G SDI CWDM SFP modules. These CWDM transceivers can be applied in data transmission spanning 20 km
to 120 km.
• CWDM Mux/Demux Solution
• In addition to the various CWDM/DWDM transceivers, FS also provides a wide range of CWDM/DWDM
Mux/Demux modules, which acts as the major building block in network expansion and upgrade.
Difference b/w CWDM and DWDM

• Number of channels
• Channel spacing (20nm in CWDM and less than 1nm in DWDM)
• Power (DWDM require more power than CWDM)
• Cost. (DWDM 4 to 5 time expensive )
• Signal amplification
• Data transmission (DWDM can transmit longer distance )
SDH VS DWDM
NOTE -:
• in SDH/SONET transmission need to deploy repeater for every 40km
• Repeater first convert optical signal to electrical signal and regenerate the signal than again convert into optical
signal
• In DWDM uses optical amplifier for regenerating the signal for every 120km
• Optical amplifier doesn’t convert signal only amplify the optical signal
DWDM
• Incoming optical signal are assigned a specific frequencies within a defined frequency band
• It operates in the range of 1530 and 1560. (C band and L band )
• Commercial system uses 40 channels and 80 channels (it’s goes upto 160 channels )
• Frequency spacing less than 1nm(upto 0.1nm)
• Commercially its communicate distance upto 1200km to 1500km . In some advance system its
upto 4000km.
• High bit rate required high power
• Low channel spacing required more precise laser equipment
• Need a laser source with excellent wavelength stability
• It is independent of protocol and bit rate . It can carry ATM, SONET, IP traffic simentinously.
EDFA (Erbium doped fiber amplifier)

• It is a fiber amplifier or light amplifier

• They preserve the wavelength of optical signal
• Can amplify multiple channel simentinously
• Fiber amplifier are 50% cheaper than regenerator
• No need of optoelectronic conversion process