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Module Xray

This document discusses x-rays and their use in medicine. It covers how x-rays are produced using cathode ray tubes, their electromagnetic properties, interaction with matter through photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and pair production. It also discusses how contrast media containing high atomic number elements are used to enhance x-ray images. Measurements like exposure, roentgen and exposure area product are introduced. Both benefits and risks of x-ray radiation are highlighted.

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Ali salim
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Module Xray

This document discusses x-rays and their use in medicine. It covers how x-rays are produced using cathode ray tubes, their electromagnetic properties, interaction with matter through photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and pair production. It also discusses how contrast media containing high atomic number elements are used to enhance x-ray images. Measurements like exposure, roentgen and exposure area product are introduced. Both benefits and risks of x-ray radiation are highlighted.

Uploaded by

Ali salim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr. Rajaa R.

Abbas
Department of Physiology & Medical Physics
College of Medicine
University of Kufa
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• X-ray in medicine
• Production of x-ray
• Types of x-ray
• Absorption of x-ray
• Processes of x-ray absorption
• Contrast media
• X-ray imaging
• Measuring x-ray
• Biological effects of radiation
• X-rays are electro-magnetic radiation.
• Same as radio waves, sunlight, or microwaves.
• The difference is in the wavelength/frequency

Radio Waves: ~3 km
10000
Hz

Microwave: ~ 1 cm
1010 Hz

Visible Light: ~0.000005 mm


1015 Hz

X-Rays: ~ 10-10 m
1018 Hz
- The energy of a light-wave is carried by packets called photons
- The energy of a photon depends on the light’s wavelength
- Smaller wavelengths have larger energies
• Photon energies are usually given in units of electron volts (eV)

E = hν , where h = 4.12 10-21 MeV.sec

1 eV = 1.602x10-19 Joules

Need 56 × 1021 eV to
cook an egg.
Radiation can be both
dangerous or useful

In general
The main components of a modern X-ray unit are:
• Source of electrons (cathode),
• Evacuated space (to speed up the electrons),
• High positive voltage (to accelerated the negative electrons), and
• Target, (or anode).
1. Characteristic x-ray

2. Continues x-ray
• Electron-electron collision
• Both leave atom, leaving a vacancy in the inner orbital
• Vacancy filled by an outer electron
• Transition releases high energy photon

High speed electron

Heavy Atom
Heavy Atom

High speed electron

Energy released depends on the electron’s


speed and proximity to the nucleus.
I/Io

X1/2 2X1/2 3X1/2


Thickness
1. Photoelectric effect (PE)

Ex-ray < 100 keV

PE is more common in elements with high Z (heavy elements; such


as Ca) than those with low Z (light elements, such as C, O2 and H2 ).
2. Compton effect (CE)

Ex-ray ~ 511 keV

CE is greatest in low Z elements.


3. Pair Production (PP)

Ex-ray >1.02MeV

PP is common with high Z than those with low Z.


To make further use of the photoelectric effect radiologist often inject
high Z materials, or contrast media, into different parts of the body;
such as:

2. Giving barium compounds


orally to see parts of the
upper gastrointestinal tract
1. Injection the iodine
into the bloodstream to
show the arteries,
3. Spraying an oily mist containing iodine
into the lungs to make the airways visible
• The film is placed next to the patient

To obtain a good x-ray image (without


blurring) it should be:
 
1.small D
2.small l,
3. large L,
4. using a series of lead and plastic strips
5. avoid motion during the exposure
 X rays are easy to produce
 X ray machines are relatively cheap
 In controlled doses X ray images are safe
to the patient
 In large doses X rays can be harmful to
health
 Images are only “shadow prints” in one
“plane”…..no 3D information
 Imaging of soft tissues and organs is not
always very detailed.
• The measure of x-rays ionizing ability is called the exposure.

• Roentgen (R), a measure of the amount of electric charge


produced by ionization in air, since, 1 R = 2.58×10-4 C/kg of air.

• The exposure-area product (EAP), which is given by:

EAP (rap) = exposure (roentgen)  area (cm2)


 
and 1 rap = 100 R cm2
Radiation can cause;
-Short term effects (radiation sickness)
-Long term effects (cancer)
-After many generations (genetic effects)

1. Direct Action 2. In-Direct Action

Based on direct interaction It is more complex and


between radiation and depends heavily on the
complex body cell energy loss effects of
molecules (for example radiation in the body tissue
direct break-up of DNA and the subsequent
molecules). chemistry.

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