Course Title: Computer Networking and

Data Communication
Course Code: 22634
 Structure
Course Code 22634
Course Title Computer Networking and Data Communication
Teaching L T P Theory Practical Total
Scheme and
Credits
3 - 2 ESE:70 M ESE : 25# M 150
Weekly load PA: 30 M PA:25 M
hrs
Pre-requisites : Fundamentals of Communication

2
Course Outcomes
a. Maintain wired computer network topologies.
b. Use the relevant network model for the specified data
communication system.
c. Maintain relevant transmission medium and modem for data
transmission.
d. Analyse error detection/correction and flow control of data in the
data network.
e. Configure the network component and assign IP address.

3
Course Contents
Unit 1 : Fundamentals of Data Communication and Network topology
Unit 2 : Network Models
Unit 3 : Physical layer
Unit 4 : Data link layer
Unit 5 : Network Transport and Application layer

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 Unit-1
Fundamentals of Data Communication
and
Network topology

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Data Communications and its Characteristics
• Exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a co-axial cable or air.
• Three important characteristics:
1. Delivery : Deliver data to the user who is intended recipient and
not to any one else.
2. Accuracy: System must deliver data is accurate and free from any
errors.
3.Timeliness:Deliver data without any time delay.
4.  Jitter :Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is
the uneven delay of delivery of audio or video packets.
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Components of Data Communication

Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

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 Sender: Device that sends the data message.
Eg. Computer, telephone handset ,video camera and so on.

Receiver: Device that receives the message.

Eg. Computer, telephone handset, television , and so on.

Message: Information (data ) to be communicated.

Text , numbers, pictures, audio and video.

Transmission medium: Is the physical path by which a message travels

from sender to receiver .
Eg. twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable , radio waves

Protocol: Is a set of rules that govern data communication

, It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.

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 Data Representation :
1. Text
2. Numbers
3. Images
4. Audio
5. Video

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 Block Diagram of Data Communication

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 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols

and standards. First, we define protocol, which is
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
are agreed-upon rules.

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 Protocols
• In computer Network, communication occurs between entities in
different systems.

• An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving information.

• For communication to occur, the entities must agree on a protocol.

• A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication.

• Protocol defines What is communicated, how it is communicated

and When it is communicated.

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 Key elements of a Protocol
1. Syntax :
• Refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in
which they are presented.
• Example: A simple protocol might expect the first 8 bits of data to
be the address of the sender, the second 8 bits to be the address of
the receiver, and the rest of the stream to be the message itself.
2. Semantics :
• Refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
• How is a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to be
taken based on that interpretation?
• Example: Does an address identify the route to be taken or the final
destination of the message?

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 3. Timing :
• Refers to two characteristics : When data should be sent and how
fast they can be sent.
• Example: if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can
process data at only 1 Mbps, the transmission will overload the
receiver and some data will be lost.

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 Standards
• Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and
competitive market for equipment manufacturers.

• Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government

agencies and other service providers to ensure the kind of
interconnectivity necessary in today’s marketplace and in
international communications.

• Data communication standards fall into two categories:

a. de facto
b. de jure

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 Standards

a) De facto :
• Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but
have been adopted as standards through widespread use are de facto
standards.
b) De jure :
• Those standards that have been legislated by an officially recognized
body are de jure standards.

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 Standards Organizations

1. Standards Creation Committees

2. Forums
3. Regulatory Agencies

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 1. Standards Creation Committees:
 International Standard Organization (ISO):
• The ISO is a multinational body whose membership is drawn mainly
from the standards creation committees of various governments
throughout the world.
• ISO is active in scientific, technological and economic activity.

 International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication

Standards Sector (ITU-T) :
• Earlier known as Consultative Committee for International
Telegraphy and Telephony(CCITT).
• This committee was devoted to the research and establishment of
standards for telecommunication.

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  American National Standards Institute (ANSI):
• ANSI is completely private, nonprofit corporation not
affiliated with the US federal government.
• All ANSI activities are undertaken with the welfare of the US
and its citizens occupying primary importance.

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE):

• Largest professional engineering society in the world.
• It aims to advance theory, creativity and product quality in the
fields of electrical, engineering, electronics and radio as well
as in all related branches of engineering.

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  Electronic Industry Association(EIA):
• Nonprofit organization devoted to the promotion of electronics
manufacturing concerns.
• Significant contribution by defining physical connection
interfaces and electronic signaling specifications for data
communication.

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 2. Forums :
• Forums made up of representatives from interested
corporations.
• The forums work with universities and users to test, evaluate
and standardized new technologies.
• By concentrating their efforts on a particular technology, the
forums are able to speed acceptance and use of those
technologies in the telecommunications community.
• The forums present their conclusions to the standards bodies.

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 3. Regulatory Agencies :
• Purpose is to protect the public interest by regulating radio,
television and wire/cable communications.

• Example: Federal Communication Commission (FCC) is

government agency has authority over interstate and
international commerce as it relates to communications.

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 Data Transmission
• The transmission of binary data across a link can be accomplished in either
parallel or serial mode.
• In parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock tick.
• In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick.

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 Parallel Transmission

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 Serial Transmission

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 Asynchronous Transmission

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 Synchronous Transmission

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 Isochronous Transmission
• In real time audio and video, the time delay introduced during transmission must
remain constant.
• An uneven time delay would introduce distortion.
• For Example: TV images are broadcast at the rate of 30 images per second, they
must be viewed at the same rate. If each image is sent by using one or more frames,
there should be no delays between frames.
• Isochronous transmission guarantees that the data arrive at a fixed rate.

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 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 Simplex mode Communication
• Simplex mode Communication is unidirectional
• Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit ;the other
can only receive.
• Can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in one
direction Eg. keyboard, traditional monitors.
Half duplex mode
• Each station can both transmit and receive but not at the same
time.
• The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever of
the two devices is transmitting at the time.
Full duplex mode
• full duplex mode (duplex) both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously.

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 1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.

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  Network criteria
1.Performance
2.Reliability
3.Security

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  Physical structure

Types of connections
1. Point to point
2. Multipoint

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 Types of Connections

Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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 Point to Point :
 A Point to Point connection provides a dedicated link

between two devices.

 The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission

between those two devices.

Multipoint :
 A multipoint also called as multidrop connection in which

more than two specific devices share a single link.

 The capacity of the channel is shared.

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 Physical Topology
 The term physical topology refers to the way in which a
network is laid out physically.
 Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form
a topology.
 Topology of a network is the geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking devices to one another.

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 Categories of Topology

Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

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 Mesh Topology
• Every device has a dedicated point to point link to every
other device. Eg. Telephone regional offices in which each
regional office needs to be connected to every other
regional office.

Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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 1. Mesh
 Every device has a dedicated point-
to-point link to every other device.
 Physical links: n(n - 1)

 Duplex-mode links: {n(n - 1)}/2

 Input/output ports: n -1

Example: n = 5
 Physical links: 20

 Duplex-mode links: 10

 Input/output ports: n -1: 4

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 Mesh Topology

Advantages
1. The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection
can carry its own data load eliminating the traffic problems
that can occur when links must be shared by multiple devices
2. Mesh topology is robust.
3. If one link becomes unusable it does not incapacitate the
entire system
4. Security or privacy.
Disadvantages
1. Amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required.
2. Sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available
space can accommodate.
3. The hardware required to connect each link can be
prohibitively expensive.
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 Star Topology

Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

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 Star topology

• In a star topology each device has a dedicated point to

point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub.
• The devices are not directly linked to one another.
• Star topology does not allow direct traffic between
devices.
• The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to
send data to another, it sends the data to the controller,
which then relays the data to the other connected devices.
• Used in local area network.

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 Star topology

Advantages
• Less expensive
• Easy to install and configure
• Less cabling
• Robustness
• Easy Fault identification and fault isolation.

Disadvantages
Dependency of the whole topology on one single point ,the hub,
if the hub goes down the whole system is dead.

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 Bus Topology

Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

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 Bus Topology

• The bus topology is multipoint.

• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a
network.
• Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
• Drop line is connection running between the device and the
main cable.
• A tap is connector that either splices into the main cable or
punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the
metallic core.

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 Bus Topology

Advantages
• Ease of installation
• Buses uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies

Disadvantages
• A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission
• Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
• Difficult to add new device

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 Ring Topology

• Each device has a dedicated point to point connection with

only the two devices on either side of it.
• A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from device
to device until it reaches its destination.

Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

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Ring topology

Advantages
• Easy to install and reconfigure.
• Each device is linked to only its immediate neighbors.
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two
connections.

Disadvantages
• A break in the ring can disable the entire network.
 Hybrid Topology

Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
Tree Topology
• Tree topology is a type of network topology in which the devices are
organized in the form of a tree.
• In tree topology, a hierarchy is formed by the branching cable having
no loops that connects the root with all other nodes for
communication.
• Tree topology is more expensive because it is densely wired.

Figure 1.10 A Tree topology

 Categories of Networks
 Two primary categories: (based on its size)
1. Local-area networks (LANs) : < 2miles
2. Wide-area networks (WANs) : worldwide
3. Metropolitan area networks (MANs): 10 miles
 Order of sequence: LAN, MAN and WAN

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1. LAN
 Where: Office, Building, or Campus.
 Home office: Two PCs and a printer.
 Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
 LANs are designed to share resources:
 Hardware (e.g., a printer)
 Software (e.g., an application program)
 Data.
 LAN topologies: Bus, Ring, and Star.
 LAN : Size, Transmission media and Topology
 Early LANs : 4 to 16 Mbps .
 Today’s LANs: 100 or 1000 Mbps.
 Wireless LANs : Newest evolution in LAN technology.
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 Wide Area Network (WAN)

Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• WAN provides long distance transmission of data, image, audio and video
information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country or the whole
world.
• The Switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually comprise a router that
connects to another LAN or WAN.
• The point to point WAN is normally a line leased from a telephone or cable TV
provider that connects a home computer or a small LAN to an ISP.

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 Metropolitan Area Network
• A MAN is a network with as size between a LAN and a WAN.
• It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.
• Example: Telephone company network

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 Personal Area Network (PAN)
• A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network that enables
communication between computer devices near a person.
• PANs can be wired, such as USB or FireWire, or they can be wireless, such
as infrared, ZigBee, Bluetooth and ultrawideband, or UWB.
• The range of a PAN typically is a few meters.
• Examples of wireless PAN, or WPAN, devices include cell phone headsets,
wireless keyboards, wireless mice, printers, bar code scanners and game
consoles.

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 Body Area Network (BAN)
• A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless body area network
(WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN) or a medical body area network (MBAN)
• BAN is a wireless network of wearable computing devices.
• BAN devices may be embedded inside the body as implants, may be surface-
mounted on the body in a fixed position, or may be accompanied devices which
humans can carry in different positions, such as in clothes pockets, by hand, or in
various bags.

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 Body Area Network (BAN)
• A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless body area network
(WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN) or a medical body area network (MBAN)
• BAN is a wireless network of wearable computing devices.
• BAN devices may be embedded inside the body as implants, may be surface-
mounted on the body in a fixed position, or may be accompanied devices which
humans can carry in different positions, such as in clothes pockets, by hand, or in
various bags.

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 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• A virtual private network, or VPN, is an encrypted connection over the Internet
from a device to a network.
• The encrypted connection helps ensure that sensitive data is safely transmitted.
• It prevents unauthorized people from eavesdropping on the traffic and allows the
user to conduct work remotely.
• VPN technology is widely used in corporate environments.

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 Network Classification Based on Architecture
1.Peer to Peer Network
2. Client Server Network

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 1. Peer to Peer Network
• Simple to configure
• Don’t need much technical expertise
• Typically less expensive to setup
• Suitable for environments where saving money is critical
• Not very flexible
• Any node can provide a service as well as send a request for a service
from another node on the network.
• The peer-to-peer network architecture allows sharing of resources, data,
and users.
• Each node on the network has full control over the network resources.

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 • P2P network has not any central server, so each user is capable to share
any types of files on any peer over this network.
• Every peer on this P2P N/W plays role as server as well as client.

Fig. Peer to Peer Network

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 2. Client Server Network
• Servers facilitate communication and resource sharing between other
computers on the network known as clients.
• Networks that use a server to enable clients to share data, data storage
space, and devices is known as a client/server network.
• Computers on a client/server network act as a client or a server.
• To function as a server, a computer must be running a network operating
system (NOS), a special type of software designed to manage data and
other resources for a number of clients.

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 • On a network built using the client-server architecture, the devices
communicate to other devices through a central computer referred to as a
server.
• The server is a terminal with high processing power, which provides
services for the other computers on the network.
• The client is a terminal that accesses the resources available on a server.

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 Advantages of Client Server Model Over Peer to Peer
Model
Client Servers offer:
• User login accounts and passwords for anyone on a server-based network
can be assigned in one place.
• Access to multiple shared resources (such as data files or printers) can be
centrally granted to a single user or groups of users.
• Problems on the network can be tracked, diagnosed and often fixed from one
location.
Servers are optimized to handle heavy processing loads and dedicated to
handling requests from
clients, enabling faster response time
• Because of their efficient processing and larger disk storage, servers can
connect more than a handful of computers on a network.
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 Transmission Characteristics
• Signaling Rate
• Bit Rate
• Baud Rate
• Data Rate

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 Bit Rate
• Bit interval is the time corresponding to one single bit 0 or 1.
• Bit Rate is defined as the number of bits transmitted or sent in
one second.
• It is expressed in bits per second (bps).
• It is also known as Signaling Rate and it is defined as the
number of bits which can be transmitted in a second.
• It should be as high as possible.
• If the bit duration is “Tb” then bit rate will be 1/Tb.
 Baud Rate
• Baud rate is defined as the number of signal units per second.
• Baud is the unit of signaling speed or modulation rate or the rate
of symbol transmission.
• It indicates the rate at which a signal level changes over a given
period of time.
• When binary bits are transmitted as an electrical signal (Binary
signal)with two levels “0” and “1” the bit rate and the
modulation rate i.e. baud rate are same.
 Continue..
• In multi level signaling, there are more than two voltage or
signal levels.
• To represent those signal levels, we require more than one bit so
bit rate is therefore not equal to the baud rate in multilevel
signaling.
Continue..
Bit Rate Vs Baud Rate
Sr. Bit Rate Baud Rate
No.
1 Bit rate is defined as the transmission of number Baud rate is defined as the number of signal
of bits per second. units per second.
2 It determines the number of bits traveled per It determines how many times the state of a
second. signal is changing.
3 The formula of Bit Rate is: The formula of Baud Rate is:
= baud rate x the number of bit per baud = bit rate / the number of bit per baud

4 Bit rate is not used to decide the requirement of While baud rate is used to decide the
bandwidth for transmission of signal. requirement of bandwidth for transmission of
signal.
5 While the emphasis is on computer efficiency. While data transmission over the channel is
more concerned.
Data Rate
• Data Rate is defined as the amount of data transmitted during a
specified time period over a network.
• It is the speed at which data is transferred from one device to
another or between a peripheral device and the computer.
• It is generally measured in Mega bits per second(Mbps) or
Mega bytes per second(Mbps).
• For example, if bandwidth is 100 Mbps but data rate is 50
Mbps, it means maximum 100 Mb data can be transferred but
channel is transmitting only 50 Mb data per second.
Thank You