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Topic 1.1 Linear Equations

The document provides information about linear equations and their graphs. It defines linear equations as equations whose graphs form straight lines. It describes the Cartesian coordinate system and its four quadrants. It explains how to write linear equations in slope-intercept form and standard form and how to find the slope and y-intercept from these forms. It discusses how to find the x-intercept and y-intercept from a linear equation in standard form and use these points to graph the equation. Key terms discussed include slope, rise, run, x-intercept, y-intercept, and standard form.

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nshouly
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139 views

Topic 1.1 Linear Equations

The document provides information about linear equations and their graphs. It defines linear equations as equations whose graphs form straight lines. It describes the Cartesian coordinate system and its four quadrants. It explains how to write linear equations in slope-intercept form and standard form and how to find the slope and y-intercept from these forms. It discusses how to find the x-intercept and y-intercept from a linear equation in standard form and use these points to graph the equation. Key terms discussed include slope, rise, run, x-intercept, y-intercept, and standard form.

Uploaded by

nshouly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 1

Linear Equations

Section 1
Graphs and Lines
What is a Linear
Equation?
 A linear equation is an
equation whose graph
forms a straight line.
 Linear equations are
usually shown on a
coordinate plane
 Real life situations of
linear equations include
the stock market as well
as the payments of a car.

2
The Cartesian Coordinate System

 The Cartesian coordinate system was named after René


Descartes. It consists of two real number lines, the
horizontal axis (x-axis) and the vertical axis (y-axis)
which meet in a right angle at a point called the origin. The
two number lines divide the plane into four areas called
quadrants.
 The quadrants are numbered using Roman numerals as
shown on the next slide. Each point in the plane corresponds
to one and only one ordered pair of numbers (x,y). Two
ordered pairs are shown.

3
Parts of a Coordinate
Plane
QUADRANT II QUADRANT I
(-x, y) (x, y)

Origin

QUADRANT III QUADRANT IV X-Axis


(-x, -y) (x, -y)

Y-Axis
4
Linear Equations in Two Variables

 A linear equation in two variables is an equation that can be


written in the standard form Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C
are constants (A and B not both 0), and x and y are variables.
 Slope Intercept Form: y=mx+b
 A solution of an equation in two variables is an ordered pair of
real numbers that satisfy the equation. For example, (4,3) is a
solution of 3x - 2y = 6.
 The solution set of an equation in two variables is the set of all
solutions of the equation.
 The graph of an equation is the graph of its solution set.

5
Slope Intercept Form

 Slope intercept form is y=mx+b.


 This form makes it easy to find the slope (m) and the
y-intercept (b).
 Working with this form is simple, so it is used more
often than other forms.
Example: y= ¾x + 3

* ¾ is the slope.
* 3 is the point where the line crosses the Y-axis.
6
Slope of a Line
In a coordinate plane, the slope of a straight line is defined by the
change in y divided by the change in x.

y
change in y rise 4
slope = 
change in x run 3
2 (0, 2)
Change in y = 2 1 (3, 0)
x
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
Change in
2
x=3
3
4

Tobey & Slater, Intermediate Algebra, 6e 7 7


Slope of a Line

 Slope of a line: y2  y1 rise


m 
x2  x1 run


 x1 , y1 

rise

  x2 , y2 
run

8
Standard Form
 Standard form for linear equations is
Ax + By=C.
 It can be used to find two points on the
line of the equation.

Example: 2x+2y=4
1.) Substitute in a zero for x. Simplify.
2(0)+2y=4
y=2
2.) One point of the line is (0,2). Plot the
point.
3.) Substitute y with zero. Simplify.
2x+2(0)=4
x=2
4.) The second point is (2,0). Plot it and
draw a line through the two points.

9
Special Cases

 The graph of x = k is the graph of a vertical line k units from


the y-axis.

 The graph of y = k is the graph of the horizontal line k units


from the x-axis.

 Examples:
1. Graph x = –7
2. Graph y = 3

10
Solutions
x = –7

y=4

11
Positive and Negative Slopes
Slope of a Straight Line y
 Slope of a Straight Line
1. Lines sloping upward to the
right have positive slopes. x

2. Lines sloping downward to


the right have negative slopes.
x

12
Slopes of Horizontal and Vertical
Lines
y
Slope of a Straight Line
The slope of a horizontal line is zero.
x

The slope of a vertical line is undefined.


x

13
Slopes: positive, negative, no slope
(zero), undefined.

14
Find the slope of the line that passes
through each pair of points.

1) (1, 3) and (2, 4)

2) (0, 0) and (6, -3)

3) (2, -5) and (1, -2)

4) (3, 1) and (0, 3)

5) (-2, -8) and (1, 4)

15
Find the Slope and Intercept
from the Equation of a Line

Example: Find the slope and y intercept of the line


whose equation is 5x – 2y = 10.

16
Find the Slope and Intercept
from the Equation of a Line

Example: Find the slope and y intercept of the line


whose equation is 5x – 2y = 10.

Solution: Solve the equation


for y in terms of x. Identify the
5 x  2 y  10
coefficient of x as the slope 2 y  5 x  10
and the y intercept as the 5 x 10 5
constant term. y   x 5
2 2 2
Therefore: the slope is 5/2 and
the y intercept is –5.

17
Find the Slope and Intercept
from the Equation of a Line

Example: Find the slope and y intercept of the line


whose equation is 3x-2y +7=0.

Answer: Make y the subject


[we need to write the line in the form y=mx+b]
3x-2y +7=0 so -2y = -3x – 7
y = (-3/-2)x -7/-2
y= 3/2 x +7/2
Gradient m =3/2 or 1.5
y-intercept c =7/2 or 3.5

18
Using Slopes
and Intercepts

x-intercepts and y-intercepts


x-intercept – the x-coordinate of the point where the
graph of a line crosses the x-axis (where y = 0).

y-intercept – the y-coordinate of the point where the


graph of a line crosses the y-axis (where x = 0).

Slope-intercept form (of an equation) – a linear equation


written in the form y = mx +b, where m represents slope
and b represents the y-intercept.

Standard form (of an equation) – an equation written in


the form of Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C are real
numbers, and A and B are both ≠ 0.

20
Standard Form
of an Equation
 The standard form of a
linear equation, you can
use the x- and y-
intercepts to make a Ax + By = C
graph.
 The x-intercept is the x-
value of the point where
the line crosses.
 The y-intercept is the y-
value of the point where
the line crosses.

21
To graph a linear equation in standard form,
you find the x-intercept by substituting 0 for
y and solving for x. Then substitute 0 for x
and solve for y.

2x + 3y = 6 2x + 3y = 6
2x + 3(0) = 6 2(0) + 3y = 6
2x = 6 3y = 6
x=3 y=2

The x-intercept is 3. The y-intercept is 2.


(y = 0) (x = 0)
22
Let’s take a look at that equation again!

2x + 3y = 6 2x + 3y = 6 Again, since 2(0) = 0,


just cover up 2x and
Since 3(0) = 0,
just cover up the 2x = 6 3y = 6 solve what’s left.

3y and solve
what’s left.
x=3 y=2

Since you are substituting (0) in for one variable and


solving for the other, any number multiplied times
(0) = 0.
So, in the first example 3(0) = 0, and in the second
example 2(0) = 0.
23
Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of
each line. Use the intercepts to graph
the equation.

1) x–y=5
2) 2x + 3y = 12
3) 4x = 12 + 3y
4) 2x + y = 7
5) 2y = 20 – 4x

24

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