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Cytolgy 1

Cytopathology is the study of exfoliated cells from tissues and fluids to examine for normal and abnormal morphology. Cells can be collected naturally, from exudates and transudates, or through artificial techniques like scraping, brushing, lavage, and fine needle aspiration. Cytopathology allows for rapid diagnosis, inexpensive screening, and repeated sampling without tissue injury. While it provides a wide surface area for examination, cytopathology cannot determine lesion size or type and sometimes requires histopathology for confirmation. Diagnosis is based on examining individual cell characteristics like size, N/C ratio, chromatin changes, and nuclear irregularities.

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41 views9 pages

Cytolgy 1

Cytopathology is the study of exfoliated cells from tissues and fluids to examine for normal and abnormal morphology. Cells can be collected naturally, from exudates and transudates, or through artificial techniques like scraping, brushing, lavage, and fine needle aspiration. Cytopathology allows for rapid diagnosis, inexpensive screening, and repeated sampling without tissue injury. While it provides a wide surface area for examination, cytopathology cannot determine lesion size or type and sometimes requires histopathology for confirmation. Diagnosis is based on examining individual cell characteristics like size, N/C ratio, chromatin changes, and nuclear irregularities.

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Farhad
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Cytopathology:

Technique and Interpretation


Definition of Cytopathology

 Cytopathology is the study of normal and abnormal

exfoliated cells in tissue fluid.

 The individual cells reflect the normal and abnormal

morphology of the tissue from which they are derived.


Types of exfoliated Cytology
 Natural spontaneous exfoliation
◦ Natural covering epithelium: skin, urinary tract, vagina, and cervix.
◦ Glandular epithelial secretion: Breast.
◦ Sputum
◦ Urine

 Exudates and transudate:


 Pleural fluid Peritoneal fluid
 Pericardial fluid Joint fluid
 CSF
Artificial Enhanced Exfoliation:
◦ Scrapings from cervix, vagina, oral cavity, and skin

◦ Brushing and lavage: bronchi, GIT, and urinary tract

◦ Fine needle aspiration (FNA) for:

 Body cavity fluid: pleural, pericardial & peritoneal fluids

 Cysts: neck, breast & ovary

 Solid tissue: body organs, tumors & other swell


Role of Cytopathology
 Early detection of unsuspected diseases (malignant or pre-
malignant lesions).
 Confirmation of suspected diseases without surgical
trauma.
 Diagnosis of hormonal imbalance.
 Useful in flow up the course of disease or monitoring
therapy.
Advantage of Cytopathology
 Rapid diagnosis - Inexpensive - Simple
 It is better in evaluating the infectious diseases.
 Supplement or replace frozen section or biopsy
 No injury to tissue allowing repeated sampling
 It is better for hormonal assay
 Cytopathological smear cover a wider surface than that
involved in surgical biopsy.
Disadvantage of Cytopathology

 Interpretation of the morphological cellular changes is based

only on individual cell observation.

 Not always finally diagnosis, so it is confirmed by

histopathology in some cases.

 Not determine the size and type of lesion of some cases.


Factors that determine the appearance of
cells
 Type of the technique used.
 Level of cell maturation at the time of cell collection.
 Nature of the parents tissue: soft tissue, cyst, or solid organ.
 Medium of the exfoliated cells.
 Interval between the stain of the exfoliated cells and collection
of samples.
 Type of fixative, stain, and processing of the technique used.
Diagnostic criteria for exfoliative cytology
are based mainly on examination of
individual cells.

 Cell size
 Alteration in nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio
 Chromatin changes
 Anisocytosis and anisonucleosis
 Nuclear contour irregularity
 Macronucleoli
 Malignant diathesis

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