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Final Series Presentation

This document provides an introduction to arithmetic and geometric progressions. It defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, and provides examples to distinguish between the two. It then derives the general term and sum formulas for arithmetic sequences using mathematical induction. Specifically, it proves that the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by an + (n-1)d, and the sum of the first n terms is given by (n/2)(2a + (n-1)d), where a is the first term and d is the common difference. Similar derivations are provided for geometric sequences and their formulas.

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Saira Ammar
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28 views

Final Series Presentation

This document provides an introduction to arithmetic and geometric progressions. It defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, and provides examples to distinguish between the two. It then derives the general term and sum formulas for arithmetic sequences using mathematical induction. Specifically, it proves that the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by an + (n-1)d, and the sum of the first n terms is given by (n/2)(2a + (n-1)d), where a is the first term and d is the common difference. Similar derivations are provided for geometric sequences and their formulas.

Uploaded by

Saira Ammar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IB Higher Level Mathematics

Introduction to
Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions

Hasnain Yusuf
Saira Ammar
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of the lesson students will:

▪ Recognize and Identify whether a given Sequence is an Arithmetic


Progression or a Geometric Progression

▪ Derive & Prove an algebraic formula for the General Term & Sum of
an Arithmetic Series using Mathematical Induction

▪ Use the Formula of the General Term and Sum of Series to Find
Expression for the Sum of Different Arithmetic Progressions
Arithmetic Sequence

Arithmetic Sequence
Sequence 1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sequence 2: 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28

Not Arithmetic Sequence


Sequence 3: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
Sequence 4: 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
Geometric Sequence

Geometric Sequence
Sequence 1: 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128
Sequence 2: 1,

Not A Geometric Sequence


Sequence 3: 1,2,6,24,120,720
Arithmetic & Geometric Sequence

a) -6 ,1,8,15,22 Common Ratio? No


Common Difference ? Yes
Check: Arithmetic
b) 324 ,108,36,12,4 Common Ratio? Yes
Check: Geometric
Arithmetic & Geometric Sequence

-6 , 1, 8, 15, 22

+7 +7 +7 +7
2, 4, 8 , 16, 32

x2 x2 x2 x2
Arithmetic & Geometric Sequence

Arithmetic Geometric
Sequence Series Sequence Series

1,4,7,10,13,16,… 1 + 4 +7 +10 +13 1,3,9,27,81,243 1+3+9+27+81+243…


+16… 3/1=3 81/27=3
5,10,15,20,25,30,… 5 + 10 +15 +20+25+
30,… 9/3=3 243/81=3
10-5=5
15-10=5 27/9=3
20-15=5 (Common Difference) (Common Ratio)
25-20=5 𝑎𝑘 +1
=𝑟
𝑎 𝑘+1 − 𝑎 𝑘= 𝑑 𝑎𝑘
General Term of an Arithmetic Sequence

Let us consider the following Sequence:


1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28
Term n d Pattern
𝑇 1 =1 1 3 + 03

𝑇 2=4 2 3 + 13

𝑇 3=7 3 3 + 23
General Term of an Arithmetic Sequence

Let us consider the following Sequence:


1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28
+ 03 Pattern

+ 13 𝑇 𝑛 = 𝑎+ ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑
+ 23
General Term of an Arithmetic Sequence
Proof of the General Term of an Arithmetic Series
Base Case:
𝑇 1 =1 𝑇 𝑛 = 𝑎+ ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 (Holds for n=1)
Inductive Step:
𝑇 𝑛 → 𝑇 𝑛+1

𝑇 𝑛 + 1= 𝑇 𝑛 + 𝑑
𝑇 𝑛 +1= 𝑎+ ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 + 𝑑
𝑇 𝑛 +1= 𝑎+𝑛𝑑 − 𝑑 +𝑑
𝑇 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑎+ 𝑛𝑑 (QED)
What is Mathematical Induction?

Make a Conjecture by looking at specific examples


Check to see of the Conjecture holds for small values of k.
Then to prove our general formula holds for all
Natural Numbers use Induction :
Base Step:
Let S(k) be a statement that is true for some k ⋲
Inductive Step:
Show that S(k) S(k) then the statement is true for all k ⋲
What is Mathematical Induction?

n
n-1
2
1
Sum of an Arithmetic Series

Let us consider the Sum of the Sequence:


1 , 2, 3 ,4 ,5 ,6…n
Sum = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 …n
𝑆1 =1 𝑆1 =𝑎
𝑆 2=3 𝑆 2=2 𝑎+ 𝑑
𝑆 3=6 𝑆 3=3 𝑎+3 𝑑
𝑆 4 =1 0 𝑆 4 =4 𝑎+6 𝑑
𝑆𝑛 =? 𝑆𝑛 =?
Sum of an Arithmetic Series

(1)
(3) 0 1 3 6 10 15 21
(6)
𝑆 4 =4 𝑎+6 𝑑 (10) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑆5 =5 𝑎 +10 𝑑 (15)
𝑆 6= 6 𝑎+15 𝑑 (21)
(28)
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 =𝑛𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝑑
2
Sum of an Arithmetic Series

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 =𝑛𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝑑
2

𝑛2 𝑑 − 𝑛𝑑 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 =𝑛𝑎 + 𝑆𝑛 = [ 2 𝑎 + ( 𝑛− 1 ) 𝑑 ]
2 2
2
2 𝑛𝑎+𝑛 𝑑 − 𝑛𝑑
𝑆𝑛 =
2
Sum of an Arithmetic Series

Proof for the Sum of an Arithmetic Series up to “n” Terms


Base Case: 𝑛
𝑆1 =1 𝑆𝑛 = [ 2 𝑎 + ( 𝑛− 1 ) 𝑑 ]
2
Inductive Step:
𝑆𝑛 → 𝑆 𝑛+1
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 + 1 =
2
[2 𝑎 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 ]

2 ∗ 𝑆𝑛+1 = [ 2 𝑛 𝑎+𝑛 𝑑 − 𝑛𝑑 ]
2
Sum of an Arithmetic Series

Proof for the Sum of an Arithmetic Series up to “n” Terms

2 ∗ 𝑆𝑛+1 =2 𝑛𝑎 +2 𝑎 +𝑛2 𝑑+𝑛𝑑


2 ∗ 𝑆𝑛+1 =2 𝑎 ( 𝑛+1 ) +𝑛𝑑 (𝑛+1)

2 ∗ 𝑆𝑛+1 = ( 𝑛+1 ) (2 𝑎+𝑛𝑑 )

(𝑛+1 )
𝑆𝑛 +1= [ ( 2 𝑎 +𝑛𝑑 ) ]
2 (QED)
Sum of an Arithmetic Sequence

What is the Sum of the first 100 Integers?


1+2+3+ 4+5+… +95+96 +97+ 98+99+100

101+101+101+101+101+101+101+101…101

(50 Times)
𝑛
𝑛 (𝑛+1 ) 100 ( 101 )
∑ 𝑖= 2 ¿
2
¿ 5050
𝑖=1
Sum of the first n Natural Numbers

a = 1 & d=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [ 2 𝑎 + ( 𝑛− 1 ) 𝑑 ] 𝑆𝑛 = [ 2 +𝑛 − 1 ]
2 2

𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [ 2 𝑎 + ( 𝑛− 1 ) 𝑑 ] 𝑆𝑛 = [ 𝑛+1 ]
2 2

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [ 2 (1)+ ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 1 ]
2
THANK YOU

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