MEASURE OF CENTRAL

TENDENCY
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
MEAN MEDIAN
MODE

SINGLE VALUE THAT REPRESENT THE WHOLE DATA SET

Marks scored by eight students
UNGROUPED DATA
88 71 60 44 76 82 80 59

Number of absent days of 66 students

UNGROUPED
No. of absent days 0 1 2 3 DATA WITH
No. of students 20 21 15 10 FREQUENCY

Marks No. of students (f) Mid-point (x) fx

30-39 2 34.5 69
40-49 4 44.5 178
50-59 8 54.5 436 GROUPED
60-69 14 64.5 903 DATA
70-79 10 74.5 745
80-89 5 84.5 422.5
90-99 1 94.5 94.5
 MEAN
Mean is the average of a set of measurement

UNGROUPED DATA UNGROUPED DATA WITH GROUPED DATA

FREQUENCY
EXAMPLE: UNGROUPED DATA
Marks scored by eight students

88 71 60 44 76 82 80 59

Find the mean of the marks scored by eight students

Solution:

The average mark is 70

Exercise: UNGROUPED DATA
Marks scored by eight students

20 40 30 44 76 82 80 59

Find the mean of the marks scored by eight students

Solution:
The average mark is 53.9%
EXAMPLE: UNGROUPED DATA WITH FREQUENCY
Find the mean number absent days of 66 students

No. of absent days 0 1 2 3

No. of students 20 21 15 10

Solution:

The average number of absent day is one day

Exercise: UNGROUPED DATA WITH FREQUENCY
Find the mean number of hours a resident switched on the air-cond in a days.

No. of hours 1 2 3 4
No. of residents 7 20 53 40
Solution:

The average number of hours a resident switched on the air-cond is 3 hours per day
EXAMPLE: GROUPED DATA
The marks scored by 44 students in Statistics Examination are shown in the table below

Marks No. of students (f)

30-39 2
40-49 4
50-59 8
60-69 14
70-79 10
80-89 5
90-99 1

Find the mean of marks scored by 44 students in Statistics Examination

 (30+39)/2=34.5
Solution:

Marks No. of students (f) Mid-point (x) fx

30-39 2 34.5 (2x34.5) 69
40-49 4 44.5 (4x44.5) 178
50-59 8 54.5 (8x54.5) 436
60-69 14 64.5 (14x64.5) 903
70-79 10 74.5 (10x74.5) 745
80-89 5 84.5 (5x84.5) 422.5
90-99 1 94.5 (1x94.5) 94.5

Solution:

The average score is 65%

Exercise: GROUPED DATA
The number of individual tax forms prepared by small accounting firms in Perak. The data shown in
the table below
Number of tax form No. of accounting
firms(f)
20-30 1
30-40 15
40-50 22
50-60 8
60-70 4

Find the mean, median and mode of the data above

Mean=44.8, Median=44.1, Mode=43.3

 MODE
Mode refers the observation that occurs most often or has the largest frequency in a data set

EXAMPLE: UNGROUPED DATA

1) 3, 5, 2, 0, 1, 4, 3, 3

2) 2, 3, 5, 5, 10, 7, 8, 3

3) 11, 13, 11, 14, 13, 14, 15, 15

Find the mode of the data set above

Solution:

1)

2)

3) There is no modal value

EXAMPLE: UNGROUPED DATA WITH FREQUENCY
Find the modal number of absent days of 66 students

No. of absent days 0 1 2 3

No. of students 20 21 15 10

Solution: The modal value is 1 day

EXAMPLE: GROUPED DATA
The marks scored by 44 students in Statistics Examination are shown in the table below

Marks No. of students (f)

30-39 2
40-49 4
50-59 8
60-69 14
70-79 10
80-89 5
90-99 1

Find the mode value and explains its meaning

 STEP 2: Find the modal class. (Class with the largest
STEP 1: Construct class boundary frequency)

Marks No. of students Class Boundary Marks No. of students Class Boundary
(f) (f)
30-39 2 29.5 - 39.5 30-39 2 29.5 - 39.5
40-49 4 39.5 - 49.5 40-49 4 39.5 - 49.5
50-59 8 49.5 - 59.5 50-59 8 49.5 - 59.5
60-69 14 59.5 - 69.5 60-69 14 59.5 - 69.5
70-79 10 69.5 - 79.5 70-79 10 69.5 - 79.5
80-89 5 79.5 - 89.5 80-89 5 79.5 - 89.5
90-99 1 89.5 - 99.5 90-99 1 89.5 - 99.5
STEP 3: Mode,

Where = lower class boundary of the modal class

= difference between the frequency of the modal class and frequency before it
= difference between the frequency of the modal class and frequency after it
C = class size of the modal class
Marks No. of students Class Boundary
(f)
30-39 2 29.5 - 39.5
= 14 – 8 = 6
= 14 – 10 = 4 40-49 4 39.5 - 49.5
50-59 8 49.5 - 59.5
60-69 14 59.5 - 69.5
70-79 10 69.5 - 79.5
80-89 5 79.5 - 89.5
90-99 1 89.5 - 99.5
Most of the students scored 65.5%
 MEDIAN
• Median is a value that is exactly in the middle position of the list when the data values are ranked
( according to ascending order )
• Meaning: 50% of all the observation is less than the median value and another 50% is more than the
median value

EXAMPLE: UNGROUPED DATA

STEP 3: Median =
Calculate the median

88 71 60 44 76 82 59 50% of 8 students scored less than 73.5 and

another 50% scored more than 73.5
STEP 1: Arrange the data according to ascending order

44 59 60 71 76 80 82 88

STEP 2: Position of the median =

44 59 60 71 76 80 82 88

4.5
EXAMPLE: UNGROUPED DATA WITH FREQUENCY
Find the median number of absent days of 66 students

No. of absent days 0 1 2 3

No. of students 20 21 15 10

Solution:

STEP 1: Construct cumulative frequency

No. of absent days 0 1 2 3

No. of students 20 21 15 10
Cumulative freq 20 41 56 66

STEP 2: Position of the median =

Median = 1
EXAMPLE: GROUPED DATA
The marks scored by 44 students in Statistics Examination are shown in the table below

Marks No. of students (f)

30-39 2
40-49 4
50-59 8
60-69 14
70-79 10
80-89 5
90-99 1

Find the median value and explains its meaning

STEP 1: Construct class boundary and cumulative frequency

Marks No. of students Class Boundary Cumulative

(f) Frequency
30-39 2 29.5 - 39.5 2
40-49 4 39.5 - 49.5 6
50-59 8 49.5 - 59.5 14
60-69 14 59.5 - 69.5 28
70-79 10 69.5 - 79.5 38
80-89 5 79.5 - 89.5 43
90-99 1 89.5 - 99.5 44

STEP 2: Position of the median =

STEP 3: Median,

Where = total frequency = n

= lower class boundary of a median class
= frequency of a median class
= cumulative frequency before the median class
C = class size of the median class

50% of students scored less than 65.2 and another 50% of students scored more than 65.2
Median from ogive?

Number of cars

Ogive that shows the distribution of parking charges collected (RM)

100

90 x
x
80 x

70
Position of Median = 45 x
60

50
x
40

30

20
x Median = RM12
10
x
0 x
0.5 4.5 8.5 12.5 16.5 20.5 24.5 28.5
Parking charges per car (RM)

PAGE 37
 MEASURES OF POSITION

FIRST THIRD
QUARTILE, SECOND QUARTILE,
Q1 QUARTILE/MEDIAN, Q3
Q2

Q1: 25% of all observations < Q1 and another 75% > Q1

Q2: Median
Q3: 75% of all observations < Q3 and another 25% > Q3
 UNGROUPED DATA
EXAMPLE : CALCULATE LOWER ,MEDIAN AND UPPER QUARTILE

88 71 60 44 76 82 80 59
STEP 1: Arrange the data according to ascending order

44 59 60 71 76 80 82 88
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 POSITION
STEP 2: Find Q1

Position Q1 :

Q1 : 59 + 0.25 ( 60- 59) = 59.25

COMMENT:

25 % of 8 students scored less than 59.25 and another 75% scored more than 59.25
 UNGROUPED DATA
EXAMPLE : CALCULATE LOWER ,MEDIAN AND UPPER QUARTILE
STEP 1: Arrange the data according to ascending order

44 59 60 71 76 80 82 88
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 POSITION

STEP 3: Find Q2

Position Q2 :

Q2 : 71 + 0.5 ( 76- 71) = 73.5

COMMENT:

50% of 8 students scored less than 73.5 and another 50% scored more than 73.5
 UNGROUPED DATA
EXAMPLE : CALCULATE LOWER ,MEDIAN AND UPPER QUARTILE
STEP 1: Arrange the data according to ascending order

44 59 60 71 76 80 82 88
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 POSITION

STEP 3: Find Q3

Position Q3 :

Q3 : 80 + 0.75 ( 82- 80) = 81.5

COMMENT:

75% of 8 students scored less than 81.5 and another 25% scored more than 81.5
EXAMPLE: GROUPED DATA
The marks scored by 44 students in Statistics Examination are shown in the table below

Marks No. of students (f)

30-39 2
40-49 4
50-59 8
60-69 14
70-79 10
80-89 5
90-99 1

Find Q1 and Q3
STEP 1: Construct class boundary and cumulative frequency

Marks No. of students Class Boundary Cumulative

(f) Frequency
30-39 2 29.5 - 39.5 2
40-49 4 39.5 - 49.5 6
50-59 8 49.5 - 59.5 14
60-69 14 59.5 - 69.5 28
70-79 10 69.5 - 79.5 38
80-89 5 79.5 - 89.5 43
90-99 1 89.5 - 99.5 44

STEP 2: Position of the Q1 =

STEP 3:

Where = total frequency = n

= lower class boundary of a Q1 class
= frequency of a Q1 class
= cumulative frequency before the Q1 class
C = class size of the Q1 class

25 % of students scored less than 55.75 and another 75% scored more than 55.75
STEP 1: Construct class boundary and cumulative frequency

Marks No. of students Class Boundary Cumulative

(f) Frequency
30-39 2 29.5 - 39.5 2
40-49 4 39.5 - 49.5 6
50-59 8 49.5 - 59.5 14
60-69 14 59.5 - 69.5 28
70-79 10 69.5 - 79.5 38
80-89 5 79.5 - 89.5 43
90-99 1 89.5 - 99.5 44

STEP 4: Position of the Q3 =

STEP 5:

Where = total frequency = n

= lower class boundary of a Q3 class
= frequency of a Q3 class
= cumulative frequency before the Q3 class
C = class size of the Q3 class

75 % of students scored less than 74.5 and another 25% scored more than 74.5
 INTERQUARTILE RANGE

 Range of the middle

50% of the data

Q1 : 55. 75 and Q3 : 74.5

 QUARTILE DEVIATION
• Semi-inter quartile
range

Q1 : 55. 75 and Q3 : 74.5

 RANGE
• The difference between the largest and smallest value in the data sets

UNGROUPED DATA

Range = Max value – Min value

EXAMPLE 37:

GROUP A : 20 30 40 50 60 70
GROUP B : 40 42 43 45 45 55

GROUP A : 70-20 = 50
GROUP B : 55-40= 15

Group A has greater dispersion.

 RANGE

GROUPED DATA

Range = UCB of last class – LCB of the first class

Marks Class No. of
Boundary students (f)
25-29 24.5- 29.5 2
30-34 29.5- 34.5 3
35-39 34.5- 39.5 5
40-44 39.5- 44.5 7
45-49 44.5- 49.5 9
50-54 49.5- 54.5 2

Range = 54.5- 24.5 = 30

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

COEFFICENT OF
VARIATION
MEAN
DEVIATION

STANDARD
DEVIATION
 MEAN DEVIATION
• An absolute measure of the dispersion of a set of data.
• Measures the average differences between the actual values and the mean of the dataset.

UNGROUPED DATA

MD =
EXAMPLE 39:

20 30 40 10 50
STEP 1: Calculate mean
STEP 2: Calculate MD
 GROUPED DATA

MD =

EXAMPLE 40:Determine the mean deviation of the following data

Class x f
0-5 2.5 4
5-10 7.5 4
10-15 12.5 20
15-20 17.5 10
20-25 22.5 2
STEP 1: Calculate mean
 STEP 4: Calculate MD
STEP 2: Calculate | - |
Class x f |-|
0-5 2.5 4 10.25
5-10 7.5 4 5.25
10-15 12.5 20 0.25
15-20 17.5 10 4.75
20-25 22.5 2 9.75

STEP 3: Calculate f.| - |

Class x f |-| f| - |

0-5 2.5 4 10.25 41

5-10 7.5 4 5.25
10-15 12.5 20 0.25 Sum/total
=134
15-20 17.5 10 4.75
20-25 22.5 2 9.75
 STANDARD DEVIATION
• The squared root of the average of the squared distances of the observations from the mean.

UNGROUPED DATA

Formula 1 : s =

Formula 2 : s =
EXAMPLE 41: Which data set has less dispersion ?

Group A : 20 30 40 50 60 70
Group B : 40 42 43 45 45 55

Solution by using Formula 1:

STEP 1: Calculate mean

 STEP 2: Calculate

s=

s=

s= 18.708

Solution by using Formula 2:

STEP 1: Calculate

∑ +++++
= 13900
𝑥 =¿ ¿ 2
 STEP 2: Calculate

= 20+30+40+50+60+70
= 270

STEP 3: Calculate

s=

s =18.708
 GROUPED DATA

Formula 1 : s =

Formula 2 : s =
EXAMPLE 42:Calculate the standard deviation for the data below.

Marks f x fx f
30-39 2 34.5
40-49 4 44.5
50-59 8 54.5
60-69 14 64.5
70-79 10 74.5
80-89 5 84.5
90-99 1 94.5
Solution by using Formula 1:
s=
Solution by using Formula 2: s =

Marks f x fx f
30-39 2 34.5
40-49 4 44.5
50-59 8 54.5
60-69 14 64.5
70-79 10 74.5
80-89 5 84.5
90-99 1 94.5
SUM 2848 192441
 COEFFICENT OF VARIATION

C.V = x 100%

NOTE : The smaller value of CV shows the dispersion is more consistent.

Example : Calculate the coefficient of variation for each set below.

Set A Set B Set C

75 75 75
) 10 15 7
 MEASURES OF SKEWNESS
(a) Histogram and Frequency Polygon and (b) Relationship among mean, median and mode.

This can be use to determine the shape of distribution.

 MEASURES OF SKEWNESS
(c ) Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness (PCS)

PCS = OR PCS =

If PCS = 0 , the distribution is symmetry

If PCS < 0 , the distribution is skewed to the left/negative skew
If PCS > 0 , the distribution is skewed to the right/positive skew
 MEASURES OF SKEWNESS
(d ) Box and Whiskers Plot

Example : Construct a box and whiskers plot .

23,15,18,20,17,8,13,10,18,15,20,15,14,14,19,29,5,17,20,12,11,9,12

Solution :
STEP 1: Arrange in ascending order
6
5,8,9,10,11,12,12,13,14,14,15,15,15,17,17,18,18,19,20,20,20,23,29

STEP 2: Find Q1,Q2 and Q3

Position of Q1=

Q1= 12
 MEASURES OF SKEWNESS
12
5,8,9,10,11,12,12,13,14,14,15,15,15,17,17,18,18,19,20,20,20,23,29

Position of Q2=

Q2= 15

18
5,8,9,10,11,12,12,13,14,14,15,15,15,17,17,18,18,19,20,20,20,23,29

Position of Q3=

Q3= 19
 MEASURES OF SKEWNESS
STEP 3: Draw box and plot

COMMENT : SKEW TO THE RIGHT/POSITIVELY SKEWED

END OF CHAPTER