LESSON 1

EARTH SCIENCE
• Science that deals with the Earth’s structure
and composition, the processes that occur
beneath and on the Earth’s surface , as well as
issues and problems pertaining to earth’s
resources.
OTHER SCIENCES RELATED TO
EARH SCIENCE
 GEOLOGY
•Study of the earth
•A science that deals with the history
of the earth and its life especially as
recorded in rocks
GEOGRAPHY
•An area of study that deals
with the location of
countries, cities, rivers,
mountains, lakes etc.
METEOROLOGY
•Science that deals with the
atmosphere and with
weather and climate
MINERALOGY
• the study of minerals and
rocks
ASTRONOMY
• the scientific study of stars,
planets, and other heavenly
bodies
ASTRONOMY VS. ASTROLOGY
 ASTRONOMY
• the scientific study of stars, planets, and other
heavenly bodies

ASTROLOGY
• the study of how the positions of the stars and
movements of the planets have a supposed influence
on events and on the lives and behavior of people
 OCEANOGRAPHY
• the scientific study of ocean and
includes the delimitation of their
extent and depth, physics and
chemistry of their waters, marine
biology, and exploitation of their
resources
 COSMOLOGY
• the study of origin and structure of
the universe
How did the universe start?
Do you believe in the
existence of Supreme Being?
DIVINE CREATION THEORY
• states that in the beginning God created the
heaven and the earth…

(Book of Genesis, Chapter 1)

 SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
THAT EXPLAIN THE
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
 1. The Steady State Universe

•Originated by Hermann Bondi, Thomas

Gold Fred Hoyle in 1948
•States that the universe has always been
there and will always be present.
 1. The Steady State Universe

•It also conveys that the universe always looks

the same in any time or space but continuously
expands while simultaneously creating matter,
maintaining the density of the universe; hence,
the name Steady State.
 1. The Steady State Universe
• This theory says that in the space between galaxies, new
matter is quietly but continually appearing out of nothing
• In 1965, Hoyle publicly abandoned the theory as
ridiculous
 2. The Nebular Hypothesis

• Also called the Planetesimal Theory

• It says that as the gas swirled around,
eddies of gas caused the sun and
planets.
2. The Nebular Hypothesis

• We will disproved the basics underlying this concept because many

say that material from the sun made the planets and the moons.
But the elemental composition of each of the planets is different
from the sun and from one another. One could not come from the
other.
• In addition, the sun would have to rotate extremely fast to hurl off
planets and moons, yet it rotates very slowly
3. The Fission Theory

• Says that our sun burst and sent out the planets and moons.
• But they would fly outward forever, they would not stop and begin
circling the sun or one another
4. The Capture Theory

• Says that our planets and moons were wandering around and were
captured by our sun.
• But they would then crash into the sun; they would not circle it or
one another
5. The Accretion Theory

• Says that small chunks of material gradually got together and

formed our planet. Then more chunks formed our moon, which
began circling us.
• This idea is pretty far out also. The planets, moons, and asteroids
are all in carefully arranged orbits. The meteors fly fast in linear
motion. No chunks are floating around, and those chunks would
not stick together anyway
6. The Planetary Collision Theory
• Says our world collided with a small planet, producing our
moon.
• But such an impact would totally destroy our planet. How
could such an impact produce a circling moon? This would
have had to be repeated for all 150 moons in our solar
system. This theory would require thousands of planets
passing through our solar system, for enough direct hits to
produce all our moons. Why are not such flybys occurring
today?
7. The Stellar Collision Theory

• Says that two stars collided, and produced our planets and moons.
• But they would not then pause and circle one of the suns which
was waiting placidly to receive them. They would either be hurled
away from the sun or crash back into it.
8. The Gas Cloud Theory

• Says gas clouds were pulled in from outer space by our sun’s
gravity; then they paused, formed themselves into planets and
moons, and began circling one another.
• But gas does not clump, and linear motion toward the sun would
not change into circular motion around it.
9. The Proportion Theory
• The universe is just small part of a chemical structure from
another universe what we called galaxies -could be
electrons’ orbiting protons (we can’t see electrons because
the light won’t escape from them)

• One billion years, our universe could split a second in that

dimension we are a subatomic part of, the proportion is this
what it takes an electron to orbit a proton one time.
10. Big Bang Theory
• The most accepted theory about the origin of the universe
• Georges Lemaître, a Belgian priest, is considered as the first proponent of
the Big Bang Theory. The theory was supported by other scientists such as
Edwin Hubble, Arno Penzias, and Robert Wilson who presented pieces of
evidence to support it.
• The Big Bang Theory states that the universe started as a “singularity”—an
area predicted to be in the core of a black hole with a very high
temperature and density, which compressed matter with its intense
gravitational pressure.
 11. The Oscillating Universe Theory

• Originated from Big Bang by George Gamow. It says that

when the universe finally runs down, another Big Bang
will start it going again
 11. The Oscillating Universe Theory
• Also known as the Pulsating Theory
• Discusses that the universe is expanding and will
contract once all the energy after the Big Bang is used
up.
• This theory, proposed by Richard Tolman, can be
described as the combination of the Big Bang and the Big
Crunch
 11. The Oscillating Universe Theory
• The Big Crunch occurs when the universe expands and
eventually reverses, then collapses causing a singularity
or the formation of another Big Bang.
• The Oscillating Universe Theory suggests that once the
universe reverses and attains the point of singularity,
another universe will be born. This is referred to as
the Big Bounce.